[Conspectus] medicinae theoreticae, cui adjiciuntur ordo

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76. Solidam matoriam ex qua corpora animalium con- Stant, Solidum animale brevitatis causa, VocamuS. HOC autem varias habet dotes, chemicas, mechanicaS, Vit les ; quarum nulla non medici attentionem meretUr.

77. Exquisita hujus revi Chemia diversas substantius, Sive principia ut di-Cuntur, in Variis solidis partibus humani corporis detexit ; easque substantias seorsim exhibere docuit. Ostendit imprimis, in OSSibus praecipue, plurimam terram; calcem nimirum, non quidem puram, Sed cum acidis quibusdam, phosphorico praeSertim, Conjunctam. Hic Phosphus Culcis, cum pauxillo Carbonatis Culcis, firmitatem

76. Vocamus solidam materium, ea qua corpora animalium constant, animale

solidum, proo causa brevi

tutis. Autem hoc habet varias dotes, chemicas, m hanicas, ceto vitales; nolla

quarum non meretur atten

tionem medici. 77. Chemia eaequisita hujus aevi deterit diversas substantias, sive principia ut dicuntur, in variis partibus solidis humani corporis ; quedocuit nos eaehibere eas

substantias separatim. Im

primis c Chemiuo ostendit

cesse9 in ossibus praecipue

plurimam terram, nimirum calcem, Non quidem puram, sed conjunctam cum quibusdam acidis, praesertim coci- ὰ phosphorico. Hic Phosphas Culcis, cum paua illo Carbonatis Calcis, dat fr-76. We cali tho solid materies of whicli animal bodios

conSist, the animal solid, sor the salie os brevi ty. Thisagain has disserent properties, chemicat, mechanical, and vital; noister of whicli are undeseruing the attention os the medicat man. 7 T. The retined chemistry of the present age has disco vered disserent substances, or principies, as they are called, in the various solid paris os the human body; and hastaught us how to fhow these substances in a Separate state. In the first place, chemistry shows that there is much earthymalter in bones; namely, lime, not in a Pure State, but com

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dat ossibus; et cum Carti-lugine, et multa Gelatina,

et oleo crasso, OSsa sere tota

officit. Plurima quoque Gelatina, et pro rata parte

Parum terrae, inest telae cellulosae, et cuti, aliisque membranis quae ex ea tela fiunt, et demum musculis.

In his vero alia reperitur substantia animalis; plurima scilicet Fibrina. ALbumen quoque in quibusdam partibus solidis corporis humani plane neque

ime in cartilaginibus, et tendinibus, et ligamentis.

Praeter haec multum oleum crassum in omnibus sere Solidis animalibus reperitur; et sales quidam tam acidi quam alcatini; et interdum, ut videtur, Sed multo Pa cius, aliae quaedam minorismitatem ossibus ; et cum Curtilagine, et multi Ge&tina, et oleo crasso, fere ess-cit ossa tota. Quoque plurima Gelatina, et parum terroe pro ratu parte, inest telae cellulosae, et cuti, quetiliis membrunis quae sunt eae ea telo, et cinest demum

musculis. Vero alia substantia ianimulis reperitiarin his : scilicet plurima Fiabrina. Albumen quoque plane neque parce delectit

est, in quibusdam partibus

solidis corporis humani, mazime et cartιlaginibus, et tendinibus, et ligamentis.

Praeter haec multum oleum cr&SSum reperitur fere in

omnibus partibus solidis; et quidam sales tam acidi quom tilhalini; et interdum ut videtur sed multo parcius, quα-dam aliae substantiae mino- the bones, and together With cartilage, and much gelatine, and thich oily matter, forms them nearly entirely. Mucii gelatine and litile earthy matter, compared with the part mentioned, is present in the cellular substance, in the shin, and in the other membranes whicli are formed by that net-work; and there is, lastly, litile in muscies. But another animal substance is found in them ; namely. fibrine, in con- Siderable quantity. Albumen likewise has been discovere levidently, and not sparingly, in Some solid paris of the humant,ody ; particularly in the cartilages, tendons and ligamenis. Besides these, much thich oil is mund in nearly ali tho solid

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momenti substantiae. Sodde his nondum satis Constitit; quae scilicet neque

Semper reperiuntur, neC Un-

quam tanta copia adsunt ut facile explorentur. 78. Ulterius arte che=nica exploratae partes solidae humani corporis, Vel Putredine, quam Sponte Subeunt modico calore, clam hUmore, et admisso aere; vel magno Calore, qualis priores elementorum compositiones deStruat, novas ipsorum efficiat, facile in pauca elementa resolvuntur; duriores in Calcem et Phosphorum; molliores vero in Carbonem, Nitro genium vel Azotium), Hydrogenium, et Oxygenium: quae igiturris momenti creperiuntu . Sed nondum satis constitit*yde his; qua ' scilicet neque

semper reperiuntur, Nec tin

quam adsunt tanta copia, ut e lorentur facile. 78. Purtes solidae: homani corporis ulterius e loratae arte chemica facile resolvuntur in pauca elementa, vel

putredine, quum cilloe partes subeunt sponte modico

calore, cum humore, et aere admisso vel magno calore,

ores compositiones elementorum, vel essciat novas compositiones eorum: duriores partes resolvuntur 9 in Calcem et Phosphorum; vero molliores in Carbonem, Nitrogenium vel Azotium Hydrogenium, et

apparently dis Overed, though in much less quantity. I hereis nothing satisfactortly established concerning those, Whichare not always sound , and never present in Such quantity asto admit os easy analySiS. 78. The solid paris os the human body, examined more deeply by the aid Os chemistry, are eastly resolved into a se elements, either by the putrefaction whicli the paris

undergo Spontaneously, by meanS os moderate heat, moisture, and the access Os air, or by exposure to an intense heat, such as destroys the primary composition Os those elemenis, or gives rise to new ones: the harder paris are resolved intolime and phosphorus, but the soster ones into Carbon, Nitro-

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creduntur esse solidi animalis simplicissima elementa; siquid in severiore Chemia recte simplex die

tur. Haec Vero elementa,

vel igne, vel putredine, aliter atque aliter Separata et conjunCta, novas interim efficiunt substantias, qualeS sunt Ammoniti, Acidum carbonicum, Oleum empyreumaticum, et multi Vapores foetidi, quae in recente et int0gro solido animali detegi nequeunt, facile autem

et fere Semper obserVantur dum hoc in sua elementa resolvitur. 79. Dotes mechanicoe, quibus solidum animale ad vitae USUS aptatur, Sunt tres; adhaesio scilicet satiS magna,

mollities quaedam flexilis, et insignis vis resiliendi.- O genium, quoe igitur

creesuntur esse simplici simu elementa solidi animalis ; siquid dicatur recte simpleae in severiore Chemia. Vero hoec elementa Separata et conjuncta ciliter atque aliter, vel igne vel putredine interim esticiunt novas substantias, quales sunt Ammonia : Acidum Carbonicum, Oleum empyreumaticum, et

multi foetidi et vores, quoenequeunt detegi in recente et integro animali solido,outem facile et fere semper Observantur, dum hoc solidum 9 resolvitur in sua ele

menta.

79. Dotes mechanicae, quibus animale solidum aptatur ad rasus vitae, sunt

tres; scilicet adhaesio satis mctgna, qugilum mollities exilis, et insignis vis resi-gen, sor Aetote) Hydrogen, and Oxygen, whicli are there reconsidere 1 to be the most simple elements of animal Substance; is any thing in chemistry may be strictly called simple. These elemenis, separated and combined in varioHS Ways, ei thor by the a id of heat or putrefaction, form new SubStanees; Such as Ammonia, Carbonio Acid, Empyreumatic Oil, and many foetid vapors, whicli cannot be detected in the recentand found animal solid, but are readily and nearly alWays observed, when this substance) is resolved into iis elements.79. The mechanical properties, by whieli the animal solidis adopted to the pui poses os lise, are three; namely, Suffi- Cient adhesion, somo flexibili ty, and considerable elastici ty. Many vital sunctions consist in various motionS ; and tho

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Munera vitae in variis motibus pleraque consiStunt: ad multa eorum validissimi motus requiruntur. Tanta igitur adhaesione partium opus est, ut hi sine lacer tionis periculo perficiantur: OPortet quoque, ob eandem cauSam, Partes Solidae, aliae magiS, aliae minus, se flecti sinant: denique, neCESSE est, ut partes ita flexae, vel loco dimotae, figuram et Si- tum pristinum Sua SPontereCuperent, quam primum vis dimovens sublata fuerit. BO. Variant multum hae dotes, non modo Variis Pa

tibus, sed et iisdem partibus in variis hominibus, et Saepe in eodum homine diversis temporibus. Hujusmodi Varietates, quamvis satis in-Signes,valetudinem Saeph pa-

liendi. - Pleraque munera vitae consistunt in τariis motibus; validissimi motus requiruntur ad multa eorum munerumθ. Igitur opus est tanta adhaesione partiuU,

ut hi persciantur sine periculo lacerationis ; quoque op0rtet, ut , ob eandem

causam, Partes solidae, aliae magis aliae minus, sinant se secti: denique necesse fSt,

ut partes ita ferae, vel dimotae loco, recuperent Suaaponte Auram et situm pristinum, quam vis dimovens primum sublata fuerit. 80. Hae dotes variant multum non modo in variis partibus, sed et in iisdem partibus in variis hominibus, et saepe diversis temporibus in eodem homine. Varietates hujusmodi, quamvis satis insignes saepe par ciunt

80. These properties vary considerably, not only in thedisserent parta, but also in the fame paris, in different perSons, and frequently at disserent times in the fame individual. Varieties of this description, although remarkabie,

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nim assiciunt. Νonnunquam Vero, sanitatis limites tran-Seuntes, manifestos et Sanhhaud leves morbos faciunt. 81. Duplice modo Variare aut vitiari potest, quod ad dotes mechanicas, OmniSpars Solida; scilicet, aut nimia aut nimis parva adhae-Sione, aut mollitie, aut viresiliendi. Aueta adhae-Sione seu firmitate partis cujusvis solidae, augetur Plerumque ejus resiliendi

vis; mollities autem DECUS- Sario minuitur. Imminutu Vero adhaesione, mollitios major fit et vicissim vis resilisendi minor. 82. Causae horum esseC- tuum certe multiplices sunt: tamen ad certa capita r

duci possunt. Aut ipsa

materiae compositio chemica Vitiatur, aut, Salva omnino

quam, tr seuntes limites sonitatis, faciunt morbos manifestos, et sane harid leves. 81. Omnis pars solida potest viariare, aut vitiari

duplice modo cin eoo quod

cus; scilicet aut nimiia avt nimis parva adhaesione aut

mollitie, aut vi resiliendi. Adhaesione seu frmitate cujusvis portis solidiae aucta, plerumque vis resiliendi ejus, augetur ἰ antem mollities

necessario minnitur. Vero

adhaesione imm nuta, major

mollities st, et vicissim minor vis resiliendi cst9

82. Causae horum essec tiatim sunt certὸ multiplices: tamen possunt reduci ad certa capita. Aut ipsa chemica compositio moterire vitiatur, aut compositione om- have litile esseet upon the health. Stili sometimos theyoverpass the limits of health, and produce evident diseases of no stight description. 8 I. Εvery solid part may vary, or be disordered in MoWays, in What relates to iis mechanical properties ; namely, either by excess or diminution os adhesion, flexibility, Orelasticity. The adhesion or firmness of any part being in creased, generalty iis elastici ty is increassed also ; but thesostness is necessarily diminished. When cohesion is diminished, there is more Sosiness, and consequently leSs elaStici ty. 82. The causes of these essecis are indeed mani sold, buta linit of being reduced to certain heads. Elther the che-

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Compositione, particulae ita disponuntur, ut plus minusve sortiter semet invicem attrahant. Quod compositionem ejus chemicum attinet, Omnia fortasSe elementa 77, 78), varia quantitate, solido animali inesso POSSUnt, et Silum quodque peculiare vitium efficere.

Sed de multis horum nihil

certi novimus: satis vero ConStat, materiam humidam, quae fere aqua est, et SiCCam, quae ex diversis elementis constat, multum variare: quo plus humidae, eo minus adhaesionis aut vis resiliendi, plus Vero mollitiei; et contra omnino, Si nimium siccae materiae incompositione fuerit. 83. Variae sunt eaUSae re-

nino saluti, particula' ita disponuntur, ut attrahant semet inuicem plus minusve fortiter. Quod attinet odcompositionem chemicam ejus, foretasse Omnia cle

esse animali solido, varia

quantitate et eblicere suum

quodque peculiare Nitium. Sed novimus nihil certi de multis horum ; vero Sutis constat, materiam humidum, q/ue est fere aqua, et cmateriam 9 siccam, q/ur constatem diversis elementiS, variare multum; quo plus sit humi-

muteriae , ed minus erit adhaesionis aut vis

resiliendi, vero erit plus moia litiei ; et contra Omnino, Si fuerit nimium siccae materiae

in compositione. 83. Cantia causae remotae micat composition os the substanee is disordered, or Miththis composition entire ly in a found state, the particles maybe So arrangeli, that they mutuatly attraci each other moreor tess forcibly. As to iis chemicat composition, perhaps, ali the elements may bo present in the animal Sol id, indisserent quantities, and produce each of them iis peculiardisorder. of this we know nothing certain ; but there is ample evidence, that the moisi substance whieli is almost Water, and the dry substanee whicli consists of the disserent elementS, Vary amagingly ; the more moisture there is, theless cohesion or elasticity, there Will be, but more SofineSS ;and altogether the reverse, is there be tuo much dry matterin the compoSition. 63. There are vari0us remote causes of e XCeSSive Or

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trius materiae vel abundantis vel deficientis. Ipsa imprimis constitutio corporis Congenita multum huc confert. Quidam, prae Caeteris, homines et viri praesaeminis in universum, dil-riorem et sicciorem corporis compaginem habent, ViX, ne ne ViX quidem, ullo vitae genere penitus mutandam. 84. 4 tas vero majus ad me discrimen facit; a prima enim ad ultimam usque siccius et durius evadit quotidio corpus: a fluido, nempe, et crudo saetia, ad rigidum et EXSUCCum Senem,

cui Vita, propter hanc ipsam caUSam, sere deficit. 35. Victus porro, quo homineS utuntur, prout plus minusve aquosa fuerit, similem solidarum partium

dontis vel dejicientis alterutrius materiae. Imprimis ipsa constitutio congenita

corporis multum huc confert. Quidam homines praecaeteris, et viri prae foeminis

universum habent duriorem et sicciorem compaginem corporis, vir, ac ne quidem viae, penitus mutandam tuto

genere Nilae.

84. Vero aetas facit udhuc

majus discrimen; enim corpus evodit quotidie siccius et durius a prima usque ad

ultimam caetatemo ς NemPeti suido et crudo foetu, ad

rigidum et eisuccum Senem;

cui vita fere descit, propter

hanc causam ipsam. 85. Porro victus, quo homines utuntur, uscit similem conditionem partium soli δε-

85. Moroover the Dod whicli men ii se produces a similarcondition os the Sol id paris, according as ille f0od is more or

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conditionem ossicit. Hoc, in aliis animalibus dudum observatum, in homine quoque, aliquatenus saltem aecidere videtur. Neque ratio gravissima deest cur CredumUS, non Corporis modo conditionem et VireS,

sed et animi indolem, a Vietus genere quodammodo pendere. 86. Multum quoque pen dot a bona vel praVR HUS dem cibi concoctione, et ab appositione nutrimenti ex eo parati. 87. Denique, statUS aeriS,Scilicet, quod ad humorem vel siccitatem, corpus haud purum afficit. Hinc monticolae, vel qui siccas regiones habitant, ab incolis humidarum et paludosarum multum diversi. plus minῖsve aquosa. Noc ludum observatum in aliis animalibus, videtur accidi re, quoque in homine sultem aliquatenus. Neque rutio

gravissima deest cur credamus, non modo conditionem et υires corporis, sed et indolem: animi pendere quodammodo a genere victUS. 86 Quoque multum pendet a bona vel prava conditione ejusdem cibiu concoctione, et ab oppositione nutrimenti puruli eae eo. BI. Denique sititus aeris

scilicet cin eoo quod catti

neto ad humorem vel sicciatu tem, asticit corpus hvud

parum. Hinc monticolae vel

illio qui habitant siccas regiones csunto multum diversi tib incolis cregionum

midarum et paludosarum. less wate . I his circumstance, atready observed in other animais, lihewise Occurs in man, at least to a certain extent. Nor is there any very cogent reason why we Should nOt Con-

Sider, that not only the condition and strengili os the body, but also the disposition os the minit, depends in Some degreeon the kind of Od. 86. Mucii also depends upon the good and depraved state of the Mod, by boiling, and the disposal os the nutriment obta ined hom it. 8T. Lastly, the state os the air in reserenee to moisture, Ordryness, assecis the body considerably. Heiaco the inhabitants of mountains, or those living in dry districis, are disserent horn the inhabitants of damp aud marshy countries.

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83. Postremo, vitae genuS ad eundem effectum nonnihil consert. Exercitatio Corporis, quod nimium humoris suisset, exprimit atque exhalat. Ignavia Contrarium prorsus effectum habet, partesque humidiores abundare facit. 89- Uerum, salva omnino Compositione chemica solidarum partium, harum Conditio ab aliis causis multhmassici potest. Densatio nimirum partiCularum, SiVe a Causis mechanicis, Sive a calore et frigore, Variam e

siciet partis cujuslibet firmitatem et vim resiliendi. 90. Quantum hic valeat

compreSSio mechanica, Clar.

Cliston Wintrinseam EX- perimenta luculenthr do-Cent. - DiStentio quoque solidi animalis dotes ejus jam memoratas haud p 88. Postremo genus vitae nonnihil confert, ad eundem Ufectum. Mercitatio corporis, eaeprimit et eaehalat, quod humoris fuisset nimium. Ignavia habet prorsus CGntrarium effectum, que facit

partes humidiores abundarc. 89. Verum, compositione chemica harum partium omnino salva, conditio harum

potest uinici militium ab aliis

causis. Nimirum densatio parti larum, sive a causis mechanicis, sive a calore et

frigore, ejicit τurium fr-

mitatem et vim resiliendi cujuslibet partis.

90. Quantum compressio mechanica hic valeat, CXPCrimenta clarissimi Cliston Wintringham luculenter docent. Quoque distentio ani

mulis solidi a meit haud pa

rum dotes ejus jam memorata 83. Lastly, mode of life contributes somewhat to the fame effeci. Exercise of the body presses oui and exhales thesuid whicli is in excess; indolence has a contrarJ influence, and causes the more Inoist paris to be abundant 89. But, even is the chemicat composition os these parisbe entire, the condition of them may bo much assected by other causes; for instance, thichening of the particles, either from mechanical causes, Or hom heat and colit, produces adisserent degree of firmness and elasticity Os any pari. . The experiments of the illustrious Cliston Wintring-ham lucid ly demonstrate the influence of mechanica IpreSs ure: distension, like ise, of the animal solid, assecis