Extracts from Cicero, narrative and descriptive;

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Seci. IV. BEA UTIES O NATURE. 181

utilitas, quae ad usum hominum orta ab hominibus solis

invenitur.

2O. Praedictio autem rerum suturarum mihi videtur vel 535 maxime confirmare deorum providentia consuli rebus humanis. Est enim prosecto divinatio, quae multi lociS rebus, temporibu apparet, quum in privatis, tum maxime in publicis. Multa cernunt haruspices, multa augure proVident, multa oraculii declarantur, multa Vaticinationibus, multa 5 o Somniis, multa portentiS; quibu cognitiS, multae Saepe rese hominum sententia atque utilitates partae, multa etiam pericula depulsa sunt. Haec igitur sive Vi Sive ar Si V natura ad scientiam rerum suturarum homini profecto est nec

alii cuiquam a diis immortalibus data. Quae si singula vos

545 sorte non movent, niVerSa certe tamen inter Se ConneXa atque coniuncta mOVere debebunt. 21. Nec vero universo generi hominum Solum, sed etiam

singulis a diis immortalibus consuli et provideri solet. Licet

enim contrahere univerSitatem generi humani eamque gra-55 datim ad pauciore S, Ostrem deducere ad Singulos. Nam si omnibus hominibus, qui ubique Sunt, quacumque in Ora ac parte terrarum, ab huiuSCe terrae, quam O incolimus, continuatione distantium, deos conSulere censemu Ob eas causas, qua ante diXimus his quoque hominibus consulunt,s53 qui has nobiScum terra ab Oriente ad occidentem colunt. Sin autem ii conSulunt, qui quasi magnam quamdam in- Sulam incolunt, quam O Orbem terrae vocamus etiam illis consulunt, qui parte eiu inSulae tenent, Europam Asiam, Africam. Ergo et earum parte diligunt, Ut Romam, Athenas, 56 Spartam Rhodum, et earum urbium separatim ab universis

singulos diligunt, ut Pyrrhi bello Curium Fabricium, Coruncanium, primo Punico Calatinum, Duillium Metellum, Lutatium Secundo Maximum, Marcellum, Asricanum post hos Paullum Gracchum. Catonem, patrum Vero memorias 6s Scipionem, Laelium multoSque Praeterea et nostra civitas

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18 EXTRACT FROM CICERO. Seci. IV. et Graecia tulit singulares viros; quorum neminem, nisi iuvante deo, talem fuisse credendum St. Quae ratio OetaSmaXimeque Homerum impulit, ut principibus heroum UliXi, Diomedi Agamemnoni Achilli, certos deos discriminum et periculorum comite adiungeret. Praeterea PSOrum deorum 57o Saepe praeSentiae declarant, ab hi et civitatibus et singulis hominibus consuli quod quidem intelligitur etiam significationibus rerum suturarum, quae tum dormientibus, tum vigilantibus portenduntur. IIulta praeterea StentiS, multa eXti admonemur, multisque rebu alii : quas diuturnus usus 575 ita notavit, ut artem divinationis esticeret. Nemo igitur vir magnus sine aliquo amat divino umquam fuit. Nec vero ita refellendum est, ut, si egetibus aut vinetis cuiuspiam tempestas nocuerit, aut si quid e Vitae Commodis casus abStulerit, eum, cui quid horum acciderit, aut invisum de 38o aut neglectum a deo iudicemus. Magna dii curant, parva negligunt. Magni autem Viri proSpere Semper eveniunt

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AN ARGUMENTAGA IN SP PROUIDEN CE.

1. Telamo in versi locum uotum conficit. cur dii homines negligant:

Nam si curent, bene bonis sit, male malis; quod nunc abeSt.

Debebant illi quidem omnes bonos essicere, si quidem hominum generi consulebant: in id minus bonis quidem certe consulere debebant. Cur igitur duo Scipiones, sortissimos et optimo viros, in i Spania Poenus oppressit ZCur Maximus extulit filium consularem Cur Marcellum Hannibal interemit Cur Paullum Cannae sustuleruntdro Cur Poenorum crudelitati Reguli corpus est praebitum Z Cur Africanum domestici parietes non texerunt Sed

haec Vetera, et alia permulta. Propiora videamus. CuraVunculus meuS, Vir innocentissimus idemque doctissimus, P. Rutilius, in exsilio aest cur sodalis meus interfectuSJ5 domi suae, Drusus cur temperantiae prudentiaeque Specimen ante Simulacrum Vestae pontifex maximuS S Q.

Scaevola trucidatus cur ante etiam tot civitatis principes a Cinna interempti cur omnium perfidiosissimus, C. MariuS, Q. Catulum, praestantissima dignitate virum, mori potuita iubere Dies deficiat, si velim numerare, quibus bonis male

' ς'*yix, ς minus, Si commemorem, quibus improbis

optime. Cur enim Marius tam feliciter septimum consul domi suae senex est mortuus cur omnium crudeliSSimus

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18 EXTRACT FROM CICERO. Seci. IV. 2. t dedit poenas. Prohiberi melius sui impedirique, ne asto summo viros interficeret, quam pSum aliquando poenaS dare Summo cruciatu supplicioque Q. Varius, homo importuni SSimus periit; si, qui, Drusum erro. Metellum veneno sustulerat illo conservari melius fuit, quam poenas sceleris Varium pendere. Duodequadraginta anno Diony- osius tyrannus fuit opulentissimae it leati SSimae xivitatis. Quam multos ante hunc in ipso Graeciae flore Pisistratust At Phalaris, at Apollodorus poenas sustulit. Multis quidem ante cruciatis et necatis Et praedones multi saepe poenas dant nec tamen ῬOSSumui dicere, mon plures CaptiVOS sacerbe, quam Praedone mecatos Anaxarchum Democriteum a Cyprio tyranno excarnificatum accepimus, Zenonem Eleae in tormentis necatum Quid dicam de Socrate, Cuius morti illacrimari soleo Platonem legens s Videsne igitur, deorum iudicio, si vident res humanaS, discrimen e SSe Sub olatum Z 3. Diogenes quidem Cynicus dicere Solebat, Harpalum, qui temporibus illis praedo in Pamphylia felix habebatur,

contra deos testimonium dicere, quod in illa fortuna tamdiu viveret. Dionysius, de quo ante diXi, quum sanum 3 Proserpinae Locris XpilaviSset, navigabat SyracuSaM: Sque quum SecundiSSimo Vento CurSum teneret, ridenS, VidetiSne, inquit, amici, quam bona a diis immortalibus navigatio sacrilegis detur Idque homo acutus quum bene planeque percepis Set in eadem Sententia perSeverabat qui, quum Soad PeloponneSum classem appulisset, et in sanum Veni SSet Iovis Olympii aureum ei detraxit amiculum, grandi pondere, quo OVem ornarat e manubiis Karthaginiensium tyrannus Hiero. Atque in eo etiam Cavillatus St, aeStategra e SSe aureum amiculum, hieme frigidum, eique laneum 35 pallium iniecit, quum id esse aptum ad Omne anni tempus diceret. Idemque Aesculapi Epidauri barbam auream demi iussit. Neque enim convenire barbatum SSe filium, quum

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Seet IV. AN ARGIMEN A GAIM PROVIDENCE 1856 in omnibus sanis pater imberbi esset. Idem mensas argenteas de omnibus delubris iussit auferri, in quibus quod more veteris Graeciae inScriptum esset, BONORUM DEORUM, ut se eorum bonitate velle dicebat. Idem Victoriolas aureas et patera et coronaS, quae Simulacrorum porrectis 6s manibus sustinebantur, sine dubitatione tollebat, eaque e accipere, non auferre dicebat. ESSe enim stultitiam, a

quibus bona precaremur, ab ii porrigentibus et dantibus nosse sumere Eumdemque ferunt haec Omnia, quae dixi, sublata de sanis in forum protulisS: et seri praeconem 1 vendidisse exactaque pecunia ediXiSSe, ut, quod quisque a sacris haberet, id ante diem certam in suum quodque sanum reserret. Ita ad impietatem in deos in homines adiunxit iniuriam. 4. Hunc igitur nec Olympius Iuppiter ulmine percussit σε nec Aesculapius miser, diuturnoque morbo tabescentem

interemit, atque in Suo lectulo mortuus St, eamque poteStatem, quam ipse per Celu erat nactus, quasi iustam et

legitimam, hereditatis loco filio tradidit. Invita in hoc

loco versatur oratio: Videtur enim rauctoritatem russerre

8 peccandi; et recte videretur, niSi et virtutis et vitiorum sine ulla divina ratione grave pSius conscientiae pondus eSset, qua sublata iacent omnia. Ut enim nec domus nec respublica ratione quadam et disciplina designata videatur, si in ea nec recte dactis praemia exstent ulla 85 nec Supplicia peccatis: Sic mundi divina in homines moderatio profecto nulla est, si in ea discrimen nullum

est bonorum et malorum.

5. At nonnumquam bonos exitus habent boni Eos quidem arrpimus attribuimusque minae ulla uationes diisso immortalibus. At Diagoras, quum Samothraciam eniSSet, Atheos ille qui dicitur, atque ei quidam amicus, 'Tu, qui deos puta humana negligere, nonne animadvertis e tot tabulis pictis, quam multi votis vim tempestatis effugerint

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186 EXTRACT FROM CICERO. Seci. IV.

in portumque salvi pervenerint λ Ita fit inquit 'illi

enim nusquam Picti sunt, qui naufragia secerunt in mari 95que perierunt. Idemque, quum ei naViganti vectores, adversa tempestate timidi et perterriti, dicerent non iniuria sibi illud accidere, qui illum in eamdem naVem recepi SSent, ostendit eis in eodem cursu multas alia laborante quaesivitque, num etiam in iis navibus Diagoram Vehi crederent ioo Sic enim Se res habet, ut ad prosperam adverSamVe Ortunam, quali Si aut quemadmodum vixeris, nihil intersit.

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N O T E S.

I. Locata in media mundi sede. The ancients belleve the arthtoae the centre os the universe, and that i alone a stationar While alleis moved a round it See Scipio's ream, it 8 and 124. 3. Frugibus, crops.' 'Fruges always refers to the produce of theground an so is distinguished here rom arboribus. p. elow l. 33,

nos fruges serimus, nos arbores. For fruit in ur sense, mean in the fruit farees, the Romans o metimes sed 'iructus; more osten poma,

sor the large hin os fruit, 'baccae so the maller. . Fontium gelidas peremnitates, c. Observe the fondnes of the Latin idio for abstraci substantives, whlch re osten est rendere in Englisti by adjectives. So here the cool ver-flowin springs, the riverswith thei clear transparent streanas, the banks clad With ver dure,' c. 8. Reconditas, i id in iis bosom. II. Silvestrium, , iid animal , opposed to pecudum,' hicli includes ali tam animal saepta man. 12. Cultores, civili gers. 13. Non patiuntur--vastari, no leave it ei ther for sterce iidbeast to mali a iidernes of or it shrubs, illi thei tangi ed hoois, a

15. Distincta, iotted. Stinguo is derive stom 4ris, the sameroo hom hicli the Gree στιζω στιγ- Ia comes, hicli means, literat ly, to marinwith a potnted instrument. The sinapi ver is ni used in id Latin. 17. De divina ratione dubitaret, wout doub the existence of a Providen ce, or ascit is expresse more sullya Cicero de Nat Deor. I. γ' deorum mente atque ratione omnem mundum administrari et regi.'I8. Quae species universi, ho beauti fulcit is asin hole.'22. Nativis, maturai. et . Finitimus, ,hichiost early resembles.' Aer, aether. Observe the distinctiori etween these two ords: aer' is the lowe air, the atmosphere; aetheri the clear uppe air, the M.' 25. Fusus et e X tenuatus, expande an rares ed.'

Sublime fertur Cp. Virg. E. 9. 29 Cantantes sublime ferent ad sidera cycni

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188 NO ES. Seci. IV.

In nubem cogitur aer.

29. Spiritu ductus inhaled.

32. Caeli complexus, the encircling hy. Complexus' is a subst. Determinatio. boundary. 3 . Igneae formae, the fier bodies. i. e. sun moon, an stars, c. Cursus ordinatos definiunt, perform thei appotnted co urges.' quibus sol &c. t is no eas to realige exacti Cicero' notion fili movenient of the eavenly odies, but his meantia seem tote omethingis his ori that the sun and oon revolve round the artii iace in twenty- ur our in the sanae sphere, ut that their orbi is ere in entire lydisserent planes; ence the luna phases an eclipses. The sun hoWeVer, di no describe a persect circle round the arth, ut hept tali in a id erand wider range dati stom mi d-winter o mi d-summer, and then a gradu allydecrea sing one lience the phenomen o increas in and decreas in tength fday, and the changes of the ea sons. 35. Multis partibus, ablative os mea sure. The sun is, in round numbers, ne million and a quarte times a large a the arth. 36. Circum eam volvitur That the sun and ali the ther heaven lybodies moved round the arth a the popular belle o ancient times, and was orked ut by Claudius Ptolemaeus, ho live in gypt in the second century, A. D. int a regula system, calle stom in the Ptolemaic Theopposite o sola system, hicli akes the sun the centre of the universe, Was known to Pythagoras and aught y ome of his discipies, but was neverextensi vel accepte tili comparati vel modern times, when it a firmi yestablished by Copernicus, Galileo, and lasti by Si Isaac Newton. The toryos Galile bella condemned by the ope for teachin that the arti movedround the sun no the sun round the arth, is ellanown. 38. Binas in anno- facit, twice in the ea turn bach ro iis surthesi potnt in opposite directions.' He is reserring to the summe and winter solstices, heia the sun hau in reached iis reates declination north-wari or ouili ard turn bacito ward the equator.

39. Contrahit, congea is, the quaedam inuali 0ing the oldnes of the metaphor. Contraho cis sed of the effect of cold, to incli or stiri vel up:' p. Virg. G. 4. 259 Ignavaeque tam et contracto rigore pigrae.'41. Maior quam dimidia pars terrae, More hanaal Das i a theearth. In reali ty the arthris about sorty-nine times a bigras the oon. 45. Subiecta atque, opposita soli, literalty comini immedia telyunder, an in the way of the sun. i. e. passin in front of the sun' disk, and so obstructi niliis rays in their passage to the arth.'47. regione solis, o the opposite si de of the arthyto the sun.' 8. Deficit, is eclipsed. Cp. Virg. . . 78 Desectus solis varios, lunaeque labores.'

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Seci. IV. BEA UTIES O NATURE. 189

53. Quarum ita descripta distinctio est, s accuratet arrangedin separate divisions.' It is impossibi e to translate an abstraci substantive like distinctio literati in such a passage a this. Distinguo is uo markois by a cratchedis dotted line. For descripta se note Onit. I. Secl. 1.

54. Notarum figurarum. He is reserring to the way in hicli the Greela mapped ut the star into figures of men and animais, giving themnames by hicli the are stili commoni known.

56 Casu et temere, i chance an a random. Casu is the more generat word temere alWays marks the absence of designi plan. 59. Sed intelligi qualia sint non possunt, but whOSenature cannot be understood. 62. Appareat is subj., as ein consecutive, after a question hicli sequi valent to a negative. 65. Ea quae radicibus continentur, inverythin Whicli is connected with the artha roots.' p. belo l. 6O Omnium rerum, quae a terra stirpibus continerentur.

Libro aut cortice. Liber is the inne bar o rind, cortex the

7 I. Quanta ad eam rem vis, ut 'ho niuch is done to malae them,

75. Effugia pennarum, wings to escape illi, contras ted illi theliorias hicli are give for defence. 78. Conficiendum, to che it.' p. belo l. 23o adversi dentes dividunt escas, intimi autem conficiunt.' Liv 2 32, in the account of the lable of the Beli and the Members, conspirasse inde Membra ne manus ad os cibum ferrent, nec os acciperet datum, ne dentes conficerent.'79. Sollers subtilisque. Sollers is derive sto solio,' an Oscanwor meaning ,hole, and ars, and so means literat in cleve at ali hings, then generat ly, clever,' ingenious.' Subtilis is a contractionis subtextilis,' an means literalty oventane,' sine pun, and theiace generali applied to anything that is minute, fine, precise delicate, nearly Gr. λεπτOS. 8o. Quae quidem intus inclusa sunt, at least, at the interna paris,' quidem limit the omnia. mata, fi made.' 84. Conatum haberent, is estoris,' χXer thenaseives. 88. Unguium tenacitate, aduncitate rostrorum, with gripingialons,' Mith hooked beaks. Observe again the abstraci substantives. See bove o l. 53. 89. Carpunt, irowse.' Carpo 'is properi applied to gramini vorous animal only It is probabi connected illi the fame roo as rap-io'

Alia vorant, alia mandunt, some Wallo their Ood hole, omemasticate it

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9 . Habebant is here equivalent o Mould therwis have; literat ly, the had, i. e. e fore thei trun was ad ded. 98. In araneolis aliae- aliae . He is here alluding to the wo kindsos spiders, those ho spin eis and tho se ho spin ebs. The forme aremos frequently et illi in the elds, an are calle geometrica spiders, the alter are usuali found in dwellings. Se an interest in description of the two in Kirb and Spence' Entomology, p. 29 foll. 7th d. Ioo. Ex inopinato, in ambusti,' out o si glit; literalty om a placesrom hicli the are not expected. It more osten means inexpectedly.' Sh do es no station hersei upo the sur face of the et, ut in the malis ilken partinent constructe belo it an complet ely id de froin vi e N. But thus remove to a distanc stomae net, and entire ly ut o si glit oscit,ho is herio no when her re is erit rappes For his dimouit our ingenious ea ver has provided. he has ahen careo spin severa thre adssrom the edge of the ne to that of her hole, hicli at tace insorm e bythei vibrations of the capture os a sy, and serve as aridg on hicli in an instant he an run to secure t. irb and Speiace, p. 23 I. Io I. Pinna This tale of the pinna and the squilla is tot by Aristolle, ho calis the alter rom it πιννοφυλαξ or πιννοτηρη s. Cicero et sewhere De Fin. 3. 19 gives nother re ason for the alliance, that the Squilla gives arning to the Pinna of the approach Denenates. ut there isno iundation sor ei ther tory. See Hariwig' ea anxit Living Wonders,' p. 253. I many crabs re burde ned illicimal animal an planis, therstive parasiticali in the helis of moltushs Thus the mal Pinnotheres veterum V claim the hospitalit of the Pinna, a large bi-valve of the edi terranean. The ancient suppo sed that this as a friendi connexion, an intente cordiale forme for mutuat de nce that the Pinna belli destitute of yes, and thus exposed when he operaediis helluo the attack of the cutile-fish and ther nemies, was Warne of thei approach b his litile lodger,upon hich e immediat et close his hell, and both were a se. Un-sortunatet there is no one or of truth in the whole tory. The solere ason sor hicli the Pinnotheres ahesis it abo de unde a stranger' roos is the osenes of iis own integuments, hicli therwise ould eave it ulterly defenceless no does the Pinna how the least signis affection or iis guest, Who on returning rona an excursion ostentand scit ver dissicultrio lip againinto the heli. IO6. Congressu ne- congregatae sint, ,hether cisi some mutuata gre ement ora nature an frona the ver first the thus combine.' IOS. Est etiam admiratio nonnulla in c., there is also omethingio admire in In here means 'in the case f. III. Persequuntur, mali sor.

II 3. Exclusi fotique, halched an reared. Cp. elo l. 76, Ex quibus ovis pullos quum excluserint, ita tuentur ut et pennis foveant.' II 8. Platalea, the spoonbili.'Iao Mergerent. This and the ther impersects are to e translate d