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Seci. IV. BEA UTIES OF NATURE. 191
in Englislia present enses. The Latin diom requires the verbs of a passage quo ted in oratio obliqua to e in imperfeci subjunctive, even though theydo no reser o hat is past, butri Whati appens constantly Observe further that though legi is stricti a perfeci no an orist, VI have read, no Iread,' et it ahes past tenses a stercit This is osten the case in Latin hereth dependent ver refers ather to the commen cemen or progress f the actio of the principat ver than to iis completion Thus 'feci hoc ut intelligeres, have done this that ou may understand. The fui force of the Latin is, d have done his, and when Pset abo ut it m object was thatyo might understand. So here have ea an account and there it assta ted that there asin bird, &c Se Zumpi Lat. r. 4Ι . I 22. Invaderet, seiges.' In vado is osten sed of aking, generat lyb sorce, hat oes no belon to one; p. Cic. Phil. I. I, qui in C. Marii nomen invaserat 'who h ad usurpe thema me of C. Marius.' b. 2. 6, in multas pecunias alienissimorum hominum ejectis veris heredibus invasit.'I23. Conchis, Mith shell-fisti. I 25. Rana marina, the rog-fish, also called the angier'or fishing-Dog or sea-devit. 'On iis head are two longa ted ora appenda ges, curi Ous lyarticula texto the kult by a Join forme something like the link of chain, and capablem movement in an direction. The angier ouches clo se to thebottom of the ea, and by the movementis fit pectoraltans stir up the sandati niud, and agitates the on appendage amid the turbid cloud produce l. The mali fishes observin the udd water, and taking the lament sorworms, approach to et Ze them, and a re instanti engulphed in the capaci ous jaw of the crasty Angier. Wood's Natural History, p. 359. Couch, Brit isti Fi Shes, vol. 2. p. 2O7, mentions an instanc in hicli se venty-five errings, and another in hich twenty-one Bounder an a dory were found inside an Angler, an in both cases the fifti ere of sussicient sige, an sussiciently uninjure tot sentrio ma rhet. 126. Prope aquam, justa elow the wafer. I 27. Ad quas in et ad eas, ' and there re the ver is in infinitive, asbeing coupled by the implied conjunction to moveri. I 3o. Illud, in Englisti aliis,' i. e. hat sol lows, literalty that therma iter, a contrasted with the ne revi ou si mentioned. I 35. Tanquam a puppi asin hi by a in blowin ast.' P. Virg.
I 5. Alvos curant, heep them selves in health. Cp. the phrases corpora curare,' tali in meais. I 7. a Perentur. Another series of imperfeci subj aster a Principalver in the persecto auditum est. See bove note on l. Ia O.
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155. Sepiae, A the utile-sisti. It might be supposed that the di branchiate cephalopods by their Winness, thei arms, and thei powersul a s were sufficienti provide With means os attac o de lance: ut it must berem embere that their od is sos and aked, and that though ellarmed in front, the ma re adit be attache in the rear. To assor themthe additional protection the required, nature, ver ready to minister to thereat wants of her children, has urnished them illi an interna bag, communicating with the respirator iube, an secretin a large quantit os an ink fluid, hicli the can quiri ut illi force in the tace of thei lae, and whicli, mixin readit with the water, enuelopes them in an opaque cloud, and thus screens them Dona pursuit. ut his inla fluid thus use fulci iis owner, is osten the cause of iis destructioni man who applies it to his ownpurposes thecitati: an pigment callex 'sepia, cio invaluabierio patrater in water-colours, is prepared rom the in spissate content of the ink-baxos acuttie-fish. Hariwig Therae anxit Living onders, p. 275.156. Torpedines, A the electri ray, torpore, by causing numbness, i. e. by electri Shocks. his fisi possesses the power of accumulat in in iis electrica organs a considerable amount of the electri fluid, much in the fame manne in hicli it is accumulat exin the Leyden phial so that hile ne fit fur faces, the back, is in the positive condition the et lycis negative and the equilibrium could e restored by the interposition O water, metals orihe humani ody. Couch' Histor o Britisti isties, vol. i. p. 25. I 58 Esset, essent, continerentur. The imperfecis again re dependent on adhibita est' hicli is a genuine persect See ab ove note on l. 2 O. Ut- deorum, great care moreo ver has been esto ed by Divine Providencerio perpetuate verythin With hicli the arthris fumished. Ornatus is here used metaphori catly animais, planis, c. bein regarde a the furni ture' ornatus of the arth. 159. Essent, here used absolutely, should alWays exist,' should neversati. 16o A terra stirpibus continerentur, lare connected with the arth
167. Usque ad eum finem dum- defendere, 'it suci time a theyare able to tali care of them selves. 'I68. Et si The force of the conjunctio is, io howe ver that ali creatures do so sor isti,' c. 173. Requirunt, see out. 175. Substernunt, 'line them. 177. Se opponant, shelter them rom it, literat ly, put theiriwnlodies in the way of t.'
I8o. Accedit, sis applied, literalty is added, i. e. to hat nature oesses inem.
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Seci. IV. BEA UTIES OF NATURE. 193
Earum rerum quas terra gignit, of the produce of the earth. I 8 . Opportunitates, adaptations. Ad cultum hominum atque abundantiam, rio nable an to illthe ground and reap abundant crops.'I85. Aegyptum Nilus irrigat. It is ni by the inundations of the Nile and the deposits whicli it bring With it that an parti Egypt is madecapable os producing vegetation. The whole of the Delta is formed os alluvialsoli deposited by it, and the res of the country wes iis ferti Et entiret tothe early deposit of mud est by the river hera it Bood the countr in
autumn The manne of iis cultivatio is describe by Hdi. 2. I 4, who also says, in a. 5 Αἴγυπτό εστι Αἰγυπτίοισι ἐπικτητο τε γῆ, καὶ δωρον του
188. Euphrates This river fiowini rom the snommountains of Armenia, is in Bood during the prin and early summer. It deposit a considerablebod os alluvia soli, and like the Nile, has formed a Delta at iis mouth. I 89. Indus On the subjectis his assertion, Phave been favoured withthe fossowin interestin remarks by r. Mitchinson, the Head Master of the Κing' School, anterbury. e says, Though it is not probable that the Indus sows iis own alluvial soli illi grain yet it is a certain fac that river do transpori me vegetable produc of thei upland valleys, and of the mountainsfrom hicli the spring to the low-lyin alluvial lains, hicli the in thefrs instanc create. As an example of this, Lma mentio that two summersago I found qui te in the low-lyin valle of that tributar of the Aberdeen-shiremee hicli akes iis rise ut of the boso osten-muic-dhui, an Alpineptant, Arabis Petraea, hicli is frequent pon the summi and higher regions of that mountain it had evidently been transported by the riverno a distanceos som te miles, and Oddi enough, ha adapte iis mode of growth totis ne habitat, o much so as o seem to e almos a different plantal together. I94. Fructuum, genitive dependentis 'sertiles tas implyinx plenty.'2oo. Ventos testas, ' monsoons. ετησίαι is the Gree nam for thenorth-westeri Wind whichilows in the Aegea for fori days during the dog-days, ut it was also gi ven to ther Mind of the sanae character, e g. Otheagyptia monsoons, invidi . . O. 2O5. Ab ora maritima remotissima, i. e. s as o suppi those howould have dissiculi in procuring Supplies of sea-sast.2o9. Sic undique-concluditur, 'hus frona ali potnis, and by very hin o argument, e arrive at the conclusion. 2I3. Tantarum rerum moliti facta sit, so vas a scheme o contrivanc has been expended, sit. the contriving of such great things hasbeen effected. 228. Spiritu augetur, iraws in a large amount ostreath. 23o Molitur, Dona Molo, to 4rind.' Eorum-escas, of these the front ieeth are harinan cut up the oodas the biterit.
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23 I. Genuini, the a W-leeth, ' inriti ders ' ro genae, the Jaws. 233. Excipit, succeeds,' comes ex to. Stomachus, here means the ullet, or aesophagus. It is a Greelaword connected illi στομα, an it was ni in later medicat riters thatit as applied o hat, cali the stomach. Stricti speah in the pharynx comes immediat et bellin and elo the longue, then the ae sophagus, stomachus ' here fore heremus include both. 237. Ipsius partes eae, c. The pharyn and aesophagus are iubes, composed os muscula rings, hicli spontaneousi contractis the ood passes do wares, o as to orce it o toWard the stomach, an preventregurgitation. 239. Aspera arteria, the ind-pipe, ν τραχεια ρτηρία seo the Gree adjective comes the ther medica name, the trachea. 2 O. Paullo supra quam- annectitur, a litile bove here thetongue oin the gullet. 24 . Operculo. The epi gloriis a sortis moveable valve, Whicli proiecisthe apertur by hicli the trachea communicates illi the pharyn X. 2 6. Alvi. Alvus ' is properi the abdomen ' here it is sed so the principat content of the abdomen, vi Z the intestine. 2 9. Nervis, no nerves, but fibrous is sue.'Arcet, 4hut in ' iis more sua sense is to hut ut, exclude,' ut cp. Scipio's ream, . O9, here it is again Joined in his sense illi contineo, orbis caelestis, arcens et continens ceteros.'252. Ut facile dividantur, the orde is, ut, exterendo cibo, et in both calore, quem multum habet, et praeterea spiritu, omnia Octa atque consecta facile dividantur in reliquum corpus. 255. Raritas quaedam, hind of loosenes of texture.' p. Plin. 8. 3, 68, quot exin Smilli' Dici asini nec pontes transeunt, per raritatem eorum traiislucentibus fluviis.
258. Cibus animalis, the air hicli is their nourishment.' Cibus animalis might e construe oxygen ' though his ingredient of the atmosphere, necessar so the life of ali animate beings, was ni discovere db Pri est te in A. D. I 774, and there remus have been unknown, a distinctsrom the ai generalty by Cicero. 26 I. Portas iecoris, the orifice os the liver 262. Pertinent ad iecur, lead to the liver.'a 63. Inde pertinentes, leading rom it, i. e. rom the liver. 272. Illa, another, literalty that ther one. Nam is sed here, to introduce the suis linent of the promis implied in explicetur, as a is soosten in Gree aster a future tense, o anythin equivalent omne. It is est omitted in translating. 275 Respirando by the actis respiration. Concipitur, si received. Cicero's anatomy an physiolog are atiauit here. He is ronii natu in to the heartinnything to do with respiration. It is the centre of the circulator syStem.
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Seci. IV. BEA UTIES O NATURE. 195
277. Illam, ,hicli I have mentione l. 28 a. Subiecto corpori forming the basis of the ody.' 29 I. Humo excitatos his contrast aetween an and the clomeranimal is a savourite topic illi the ancients. Cp. v. Met. I. 85
Pronaque quum spectent animalia cetera terram, O homini sublime dedit, caelumque tueri Iussit, et arrectos ad sidera tollere vultus. 293. terra. The preposition herebelong properi orat lo spectatores' in the secon clause Fuli expresses it ould non ut incolae atque habitatores in terra, sed e terra spectatores.'296. Interpretes Interpres' is literalty go e tween os an hind. Herescit is in synonym os nuntii: the conveyancer an messen gers: 'rerum, of ali that happens.'32I. Providit, i. e. natura, stom bove, though the two intermediate verbs have disserent subjecis. 323. Incideret Here again his and thesellowing imperiscis subi are dependent οὐ munitae sunt, Whicli is no incit self historical, ecause the Latinidio reser the dependent verbs to the time hen the actio of the principalver was sirs contemptat edi Naturea an so the orce of the tenses is this: the yel id are sorti fiexwith a hiridis palisa de of hair, hici nature place ithere in orde that, i anything mere fallinginto them, it might e repelled '&c. 324. ut iis . his, is ita the true reading, is a repetition of the preceding quibus, which - et iis. 325. Latent utiliter, cit is ad vania geous that the a re sun bacta Excelsis, prominent. 327. Superciliis is ablative no dative. 337. Adiectae voces, A the ound whicli reacti them. 3 o. Relatus, inchoed. Cp. Virg. Ε. 6 8 Ille canit pulsae reserunt ad sidera valles.' G. 4. 526 ah miseram Eurydicen anima fugiente vocabat: Eurydicen toto referebant flumine ripae. 341. Resonatur, may ither e sed impersonalty sonus may besupplied loci frona the revious sentence. A dra in os a tyre a b seen in Dict of Ant. v. Lyra, hici has both the tortoi se hellis the bottom,an a patris horns projectin above e tween hich the strings fides aredrawn Resonare is sed sor 'o echo ' in Virg. E. I. 5 Formosam resonare doces Amaryllida silvas. CP als G. 3. 338, and Hor. S. I. 4. 76 Suave locus voci resonat conclusus. 343. Propter necessarias rutilitates, because their use is alWays required.
3 8. Ad incolumitatis custodiam, to kee it unim patred. Incolumis ' like calamitas, is derived ston cado, by the common substitution
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35 I. In pictis-formas, in pa inting. statuary and chased work. Fingo with iis derivative is properi applied o figures moulde in os materiai, aswax or lay, ut is extende a a generat term to ali ind of statuary, aseve figures cui ut in stone are fir si modet ted in cla o waX. Caelatura was used sor allaind of ornamenta meta Work, ut speciali sor What was Wrought in reli es. 355. Iratum propitium, the airs of adjectives here a re contrasted the can distinguisti an an gry Domin friendi man,' c. oeshould preser in Englisti the abstraci substantives ange sto friendi iness,' c. 358. In vocis- cantibus, ioth in vocat music an in that o pipes orstringe instruments. 36o. Candidum fuscum, the clear rom the hvshy. These are sed by Quintilia a technica term o rhetori c. 36 I. Grave acutum, bass stom treble.'Durum ouldae expressed by ur ord Mooden. 362. Et gustandi et tangendi, alie senses of aste and ouch. 366. Quo processerint, 'o hat a pitch have run. Corporum lenocinia, Ways os inbellishing the person.' See Dict. of Ant. v. Unguenta. 368. Animum ipsum mentemque, of these two ord animus is the wider, embra cin properi the whole rational principie in man, as anima' does the principi os animal liis, hile mens denotes speciali the intellec- tua faculties. When the are o inextogether animus refers ather to the will and the emotional par of the mind. Consilium ' is the power os combination by hich e fornas plans, prudentiam his power of Oresight ywhichae ore sees the conseque iaces an resulis os actions. 369. Perfecta. Observe that an adjective o participi agreein With a number of substantives of different gen ders, is the denote inanimat things, is alway iiset neuter. The rule that the masculine is preferre to the seminine is confinexto things animate. 37I. Consequentium- comprehensio, io great a power os coinbining and graspin together consequences illi thei antecedents.' 374. Singulas res separate objecis. Circumscripte complectimur, ' compris in a se Words. 377. a quae extra sunt, external objecis.'378. Collatis et comparatis. Observe at through this passage thenumerous instances of Cicero' soridia es sor using two synonymous o ne arlysynonymous ord Where ne ould sussice. It is osten belle in Englisti todromone of them. 379. Ad usum vitae necessarias, require so the necessities oflila. 38o Domina rerum that queen of the worid. Cp. Virg. . . 53 Scilicet et rerum facta est pulcherrima Roma.'Andrae. I. 282 Romanos rerum dominos.
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38a afficit ut possimus, Venabies us to ' c. 385. Gestientes comprimimus, , calm XCitement. 387. Iuris, legum, 'la an enaciments.' Ius is the more generalword, and comprehend ali that is include unde the wor 'law' in iis widest sense; lex alWays refers to a specific enaciment. Frona mitti's
Finita dentibus; p. the well-known Xpression o Homer ρκos
393. Fingit et terminat, 'it reduces o hape and controis. 394. Pressos, accurate,' plain. It is more usuali applied o styla os speech, and the mean compressed, concise. 395. Similem. Observe the change of case illi similis. Plectri 'an chordarum lare in the genitive, ecause thei resemblance to the longia eand the eeth is in se, an inward likeness, cornibus is in the dative be- cause the resemblance etween the and the nostriis is ne of external
396. Cornibus iis . See bove on l. 342 in cantibus, 'in
4o Nullo in motu laborat, ' can persor an movement Without difficulay. Ad ingendum, c. The three ord correspond to the siciae, fictae, et caelatae formae mentione above l. 35 I. 4O4. Illa, iterat ly, thos other,' a contrasted illi those hich have been just mentioned haec), in Englisti the following.'4O6. Ad inventa-manibus, Whe we add the hand of rasismen towhat hemin has invenlexand the senses discovered.' AO8. Possemus, haberemus. Imperfecis again referring noto the complete actio of consecutos, but to that endos i med at rom thebeginning See notes on l. 12 and 323. 4II. anu quaesita, produce by culti vation. 4I3. Bestiis-volatilibus, 'birds, easis, and shes. Partim capiendo, partim alendo some of whicli e calch, ther We rear.' Ι4. Efficimus domitu nostro quadrupedum vectiones, Wetam animal an malae them carr us.
4 I9. Abutimur, Malae ullisse of 422. Materia, imber. 424. Ad mitigandum cibum, cooking ood. 428. Moderationem habemus, 'have ille contro os. Observe that res is expresse With the relative, o with the demonstrative earum asan antecedent.
43o Maritimis rebus, things hicli the se supplies us illi.
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43 . Aquarum inductionibus, i irrigation,' Whicli as, an stili is much practi sed in Ital non the lopes of the hills cp. Virg. G. I. Io6
Deinde satis fluvium inducit rivosque sequentes Et cum exu Stus ager morientibus aestuat herbis, Eccet supercilio clivosi tramitis undam Elicit, illa cadens an cum per levia murmur Saxa ciet, scatebrisque arentia temperat arva. 435. Arcemus, confine illi in banks ' f. bove l. 2 9. Avertimus, divert thei charanei S.
38. Astrorum, of the ea veni bodi es,' astra is here sed as a ge
5o. Talem effici potuisse, could have been made ha the are. 45 I. Atque aliquando perorem comes in belween 'doceam anxiis dependent clause, ' omnia-parata, without assecting the construction. aliquando in such a positio means in last. 45 a. Quae sint. I f the subjunctive is the correct readin here, it mustbe expiat nexas a sori os ana coluthon, Cicero aving egu the sentence asi he were goring to en d it illi an impersonat verbosuc a 'dicendum est, in whicli a se the relative clause ould elon to the dependent infinitive os which omnia' Would thenae the subjeci, an so ould e righil in the subjunctive. A the sentence stands, the relative clause elong to the principat verb, and therefore ould stricti be in the indicative, as in thesentences immeditat et precedin and fosso ing. There is howe ver anothei
463. Ad mundi cohaerentiam pertinent, the assis in heepingili universe together, the notionaeing that the revolutions os in heavenlybodies, Cycle on epicycle, orbis orb, Were combined into ne harmoni ous movement, by hicli the whole universe was ascit ere kept together. 464. t spectaculum hominibus praebent, the also urnish an objec sor men to gag on illi admiration ' i. e. another object with hichthe were create was to give plea sure t man by offering a sight on hichhis yes might east, it delight. 65. Nulla est insatiabilior species, 'here is nomine si glit hichneve cloys or, produces satiety) like this. A ord like insatiabilis, ascontaining a negative, is, stricti speaking, incapable o degrees of coin
Ad rationem sollertiamque praestantior, do surpassin in reser- ence t reason an contrivarice, i. e. 4 conspicuous a proos of re ason and contrivance, employed in the creatio of the universe.
467. Di metati is here sed as a deponent partici ple governing cursus. The more usual sortis dimensi, sto dimetiora the lam sto meto
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and iis compound a re raret used, and when the do occur the participi is usually, as ould naturali be the case, a genuine passive . 47 I. Ea accusative aster gignere, referring frugibus et vario leguminum genere.
474. Percipiendi, sathering in,' harvesting. This is the literat senseo the word, rom hicli it derive iis other mean in g, he ce e et urwor perceive, by metaphor acquiring knowledge eing, in a Way, a reaP- in os a menta harvest. 475 Reponendi, storing p. Cp. Virg. Ae 4 oa Ac veluti ingentem formicae farris acervum Quum populant, hiemis memores, tectoque reponunt. Andrio Horace, Epod. . Ι, spealis of the wine in his cellar repostum Caecubum ad festas dapes. The gerund in this sentence re genitives of the objeci, pecudum' is genitive of the subject in the following sentence earum omnium rerum is objective, hominum subjective. 86. Nisi forte The sentence in the parenthesis is to e regarde astronicat. Pomorum, ruits, a generi term See bove note o l. 3. 492. Confectis, prepared, ' manufactu red. 493. Quae quidem Potuissent, may the could no even have
96. dulatio . his is the literat meantia os the word adulor is properi applied to a dog lawning pon iis mas te by aggin iis ait. Itis probabi derive stom the fame oot a Gr. υρά, the ait, I bella ostensubstitute for .
5o2. Extrahenda cis the re ad in is correct this ord is sed in thesens os the simple trahetida ' ut there is no the instance of iis eingso sed The orce of the reposition is generali ver emphatic hereverri is used. Quibus is dative aster asserebatur, an is no to e connected illi subigerentur, though no doubicit suggesis ab iis to expres the agent os the lalter verb. Quum terrae subigerentur, ,hen the arth as rst eing rohenup: this mustae the mean in g, as oxen ere stili sed sor ploughing. eis contradicting the common tradition abo ut the olde age, in hicli, C- cord in to the poeta, the arti produce crops Without an tillage. p. Virg. G. I. I 25 Ante Iovem nulli subigebant arva coloni. ipsaque tellus Omnia liberius, nullo poscente, ferebat.' Subigere se note o Pt. I. Sect. I. 5, 9 is a regula agricultura fermand ot a poetica metaphor Conington note o Virg. . . Eo quotes hom Columella, a riter o agri culture, iocum subigere oportet bene ubi
erit subactus areas facito.'5Pa. Vis nulla asserebatur. There is a passage quot ed in Davi es' note
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srom the fame riter, Columella to the fame effect bovis tanta sui apud
antiquos veneratio ut tam capitale esset bovem necasse quam Civem.'5O5. Ferrea, c. These lines are translate seo Aratus. The originallines are Xaλκείη γενερὶ προτεραν ὀλοωτεροι ανδρεs
Εἰνοδίην, πρωτοι δὲ βοων ἐπασαν o Ἱρων. 5o8. Visceribus here sed generali for fiesh. Cp. Virg. Ae 6 253 Et solida imponit taurorum viscera flammis.'5I2. Chrysippus. The saying of Chrysippus salve in Creuger' note quoted frona Porphyry, ἡ δὲ υ ου δι' ἄλλο τι πλτὶν θυεσθαι γεγονει, καὶ D,
5 I9. Alites et oscines, those hich give omens by thei fiightandaliose Which give them by thei note. The two are expressed by Virg. Ae 8. 36o
qui sidera sentis Et volucrum linguas et praepetis omina Pennae,' praepes 'aeing the more usual word that ales.'528. Spatia-camporum, the wide extent os fruitsul plains. 529. Tum-celeritate, an moreove ho W voyage ver the ea illi incredibi speed.' 53o. Nec vero supra terram, andio oni o the sursace of the earthis this the case. There is no ver whicli cante directi supplied stom ha hasgoneae re illi these ords, and latet' hici follows is of course in itfeliinapplicabie Some genera expression mustae supplied a suggested by the Whole context. The omission modo' here the sed etiam in the folio in claus os necessit suggest it is no uncommon. S in Gree ου Sometimes stand alone, ithout μονον or παis, e re a soliowing ψακαί, ut hiefiniti late Greela. 532. Utilitas. Here is nother abstraci substantive here, can hardly use ne in Englisti. See bove note . . Translate, many usesul things are hidden, hich ein create formali' service, re by an alone discovered. He ses invenitur rather than inventae sunt,' ecause dis overtes ere continualty going on. The ther ould ni refer to those
whicli ha been at ready made. 536. st enim profecto divinatio, do it is certa in there is suci a thingas divination.' Divinatio was a generi ter sor ait the different ways in whicli the will of the god was supposed to e conveyexto man. 537. Quum-publicis, moi ni in regar to individuals,aut muchmore in regar to the state.'