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sor encoura ment, the alter for defense. 23 12 phalange great masse of men in cloae order, like the old Greeli phalanx. 23 14 CHAp. 25. au ema remora etc. i. e. his o. and thos of hia ossicera Caesar is reported is have satorio his men ' I mill mount again Whenthe enem run.' Ossicera an men, harin dangeris equa tems, ouldhe equali brave. Caesar underatood human nature thorouoly. 23 17 pilia se Introd. III. . , With therili. P. xiv.
23 18 GaIlia . . . impedimento dative os purpos and of the person
28 19 pluribus ' severat.'28 20 sonum: i. e. the long iron ahan os ines m. 23 21 insteriami subju in a causa clause Di 3 - sinistra impeditar
I. abs denotin causeri II 7.cὶ transi ' since the lest hand whic carriedine hield was hampereo. 23 22 multi ut transi asciscit .ere ut multi; muis is made emphaticis it position here introduces a clauae o result. 23 23 nudo: ' unprotected. - corpore abi. of manner Diso .as 1 agmen . . . claudεbant 'brought up thei rear. The Boii and Tulini, mith aboutos, o men, ha forme the an of the Helvetia lineo march, and consequently becam the rear hen in line face about P. 28 I. I to attac Caesar. The no struch at his expose right anh Iasere aperio a the came in the fiet homine mad sheno ex itinere . The right fide is es t be exposeae since in protecting ahiel is carrie onthe lese arm. 29 2 novissimis praesidiu se 89, an cf. GaIIT . . . im Hime id,
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s 2o8.4 Cf. P. 22, t. I 6 p. 25, l. a). Caesar' mota might have been, Tradite obsides . . . qui ad Vos perfugerunt.'
32 1 Dum . . . conquiminis et tanti tur: transi assast s I98. I . 32 3 perterriti although mitia is n. the participi agreein Wit it iam. the construction ein accordiu to sense instea os form. - ne . . .
adficerentur: depending on the verba idea in timore the su v. being sectas it vertis os fearin s 184ὶ 32 4 quod . . . existimarent in subju is sed hecause the reason is notvive by the auctor asinis Wn, but a the suppose reason of the Helvetii
a conjunction hout be transl by a persona oris demonstrative pronounaster the conjunction, as here quod ubi α ubi oc I43 . Cf. Oui cum, P. 3o l. a. - quorum the antecedent is his, indiri ori os imper u Whichhas for iis dir obj the subst. Clause, i. . . reduce Enc32 sis . . . Vellent this subord clauseris par of What Caesar Avid, and depending on the claus uti. . . me cemen is ala subjv. qaI4 . Caesar's Worda probata mere, Conquirite et reducite, si mihi purgati esse vultis' sor voletis V). - sibi 'in his ficti or 'estimation ' dative of reference 985 .
32 10 in hostium numor habuit 'he reate as enemies' liti he held
in the number of enemies' i. e. he ut them altrio death, as a necessit MMar an a Warning to thera.
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32 15 quo abi. of means Pro63. - tolarerent: see 3477.22 16 ipada the Helvetii and thei allies, as oppose in the iners
32 22 potentibus Haeduis 'to the Haedui a their equest' etc. dative alae concessis, of whic the dir. V. is, Bbias conlocarent. The Boii mouldhe valu te allies to the Haedui. 32 24 parem . . . atque ipsi erant: equa mith thei οὐ stu 'as they
33 1 CHAP. 29. tabulae: tableis, of the hape sis soldin state, mith
-- prea inside, ritte on it a potnte instrument calle stilus. See illustration, p. 56. - litteris Graecis this refers meret to the letters There .as a Gree colon atmarseilles, from hic the had adopte the Greehalphabet, butio the language. The Gauis hadis alphabet of theiriwn and Proh ly writte language was notrused is an extent 33 3 ratio: an account ' qui . . . exis et an indir question. 33 4 possent subju of description 3I77 . The antecedent of qui is in m. 33 8 ad milia XoII ' about a,ooo. - Summa: the sum'; fueruns agreesmit the plur pred. f, deduci the Boii, who mere adopte by the Haedui, this rechoning ould sho an actuat oss, in lain or captives, of early 25o, o includin probabi about 5o,om omen and chiloren or thernoncombatanis. Probabi more scape than in recor aho s. ΤΗΕ WAR ITII ARIOVISTUS. The occasion of this ne campaign was the following The Haedui, ealous of the Sequani, hociive a litti to thenorm ha lai excessive totis o thei trade, hic consiste chien in the expori os salte meat for the outher market This te to a War, in hichthe Sequani ad invite the id of the Germans, unde Ariovistus, ahout three years efore the campaim o Caesar. The Germans, nc in Gaul, had selae a large har of territory, and prove to e graspin an oppressive masters. eanwhile themelvetia War hem to threaten. The Roman Senate, t mali safe, passe a decree promising favor an frienoshi to the Helvetii. At in fame time the sent messe ercto Ariovistus, saluting himaching and frien schap. 35 , recogntaing his laim on Gaul, and it mas Gid, inviti inim to Rome. his occurre the year before, during Caesar' consubahip. However, o. that the ear of the Helvetii a past, Caesar ound
himself oblige to tali sides in the old quarret. 33 13 ΗΑΡ. 30 arfituritum: seea 226. a.
33 16 eam rem . . . accidisse ' novertheles that event has happene notlas advantageouia sex iam to the land of Gaul than to the Roman people.'
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33 17 eo consuid abl. of cause Dio9ὶ an explaine by the appositive
clauses of Purpos uti . . . Aia ement i 483, thir examplei. -a6rentissimis rebus: abi. abs equivalent to a concessive clauseri in7. γε, ' although theymere in prosperous Circumstances.
34 12 Galliae totiua this oes no include ali of the an a define in
chap. I, butini the easter partis Celtic Gaul. 34 18 alterina . . . alterius 'the one . . . the ther' I44. Et genS. after principatum. 34 15 ut . . . arcesserentur a clauae o result, auri offarium eis, it camerio pass' DI 87. IIJ.
34 2 qui the antecedent is ei understood, subj of eoacti sunt I42 . 35 3 ea . . . repetiturea eam . . . recusaturos esse et indir disc. clepending on the de of s incinuisuctum obstrinore Lao3 al. The moras of theiriath mere 'we millieither demand hac hostage . . . nor refuse etC. 35 4 qu minus . . . eaaent a clause folio in a ver os refusinis 485 . Transi h an inf., refuse in e unde thei dominion etc. i. e. ora thebidding of the Sequani. 35 6 Unus . . . sum: ' Pam the ni one. 35 7 potuerim se Li 7. a. ut iurarem 'to tali an ath.
35 8 6mam ad senatum note that the repositio is se ovi mitti senarum Whymo With dimam Z Seeas . 354 postulatum supine 3426 a . 35 11 peius: n. adjective used asin noun; a Worse fate. 35 14 de altera parte tertia: Domin aecond thies. 36 15 paucIa mensibus ante 'arie. month before' lit 'before is a femmonina in Ante is an adu foliomedi an abl. o measure os difference LX ad .
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25 1s nequo. . . agr6 'nesther camine Gallic landi compareo missi thates the Germans. 35 20 haee 'this es ura. -ula: that of the Germans. The aula regarde the Germans as mages. 35 22 ut aemoI 'MAEoon S.'35 24 nobilissimi cui quo 'of ali in nohlest'; the sing. formi quis euhen sed mith superlatives has the meaning of every ait '35 25 omnia exempla cruciatuaque liti cili example an tortures' themeanin is that he employed ver hin os torture. 35 27 barbarus, iracundua temerisius 'savage, passionate, has 'asa auxili part gen depending on the indes pronou quid, anything 'something s 76 aj. 36 2 Gallia dative of agendis 87hmith est faeiendum, the subj of Whichria Mem, hic in turn is explained by the appositive laus ut . . . experiantur. 36 4 Moc emphaslaedi position a die aiad ' Whyricis thia very conversation houldi reported etc. Cf. note o P. II, I. 3 .as 5 qui . . . sumat: aee 3486.3 7 exercitua gen. that of the amy. 36 8 ne . . . traducatur: sees 485. 3s s Rhenum depending on trans in masns duca r 195. note .as 1 CHAP. 32. quae . . . eastet indir question LaoI . 36 1 respondero historica ini. qaI8 . Observe that the subj is nom, native. Cf. aruare, P. 22, t. I7. 36 20 Hoc abi. of measure os differenoe LII freel translated, ominia account.' dicis explained by the appositive clause quod . . . audent s 482 .as 21 ne . . . quidem 'not even in secret. Cf. note on p. 2 L I8.36 22 absentia predicate 'even hen absent soa2Ο a .as 23 velut . . . adsit se Lam. as 24 tamen 'aster est' Whatever thermight have to suffer).-Sequania: dative os apparent agent 187 37 2 CHAP. 33. ibi . . . curae etc. 'that he moui se is it lit 'it mould e foris care in him 'in see 8 37 3 o benestem suo et auct6ritato construe aster adductum, induced by both his favor an his influence' benesta refers to ervices that mould inspire gratitude, aructoritas to the prestige that ould inspire ea in Ariovistus. 37 6 ecundum ea Abesides these considerationa' secundum is here Sedas a prePosition. - qua re . . . Putaret: 'on account of whichine thought' a deseriptive clauae 3 1773.374 quod . . . videbat . . . intellegεbat: the fac that he - . . . thrahe ine.' etc. The clauae are in apposition inin mum ris in l. 6.
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37 11 quod rei pronoun the antecedent is in precedin indir viam
Haeduos . . . enὲri . . . obsitae esse apud Ariovistum ac Sequanos, cleacritiingine light of the Haedui an Sequani. - in tant . . . Romani rin View of the greatio er of the Roman eople.'37 16 periculosum 'he saW that it Was da erous to the Roman eoplefo the Germans, litile by litue, o ge in the way of crossing the Rhine' etc.
exirent: 'wout refrain schec themaelves from goin forth. For sibi see 83 for exirent, se DI 85. 37 17 ut . . . fecissent: a the Cimbri an Teuton ha done hefore. The form in the dir disc. Wouldie fecerunt Lao83.37 1 quibus rebus se q*143 84. - occurrendum esse : impera. emine agent expressed, it Wout be sibi. Transi freely, possibilities hic hethought must e me at once. Observe again that a verti hic governa the dative like occurrendum cannotae sed in the pass. mith a personat s j. 37 2 CHAP. 34. ut . . . mitteret a clause of purpose, subj. of flacuu
utriusque 'between the two. 37 2 conloquio ' fora conference.'--Ile dependsin the verbis sayingimplied in postularent re publica heres matters of public interest ratherthan the state. 37 26 Si . . . esset a condition contrar to fac s I99. I bin
Transi., is he want anythingis me. 33 7 negdii part gen wit quid. - Sit indir question. 334 CHAP 35 mandatia denotin a ter command Caesar no IRDaside the angvage of diplomac an present his ultimatum 33 10 adfectum a participi denotin concession Laao di. 33 12 M. . armetur . . . Putet a result claus explaining Aane gratiam
33 16 ne quam 'thatio any. 33 17 quos the antecedent is es underatood, the ori os me eme s 442 . The subjus in his sentence excepi iaceat are introducedi ne or ut implied, and are subSt clauses of pumose in apposition it Aoue. - tui . . . iuIS: the Sequani. 33 23 quod . . . posset ' sociar asine could do it to the aclvantage of the republic commodo : hi os accordance AE III . 33 26 CHAP. 36. ut . . . imperent a subst clauae in apposition it ius.
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asi qui . . . faciat a descriptive clauae denotin cause s*I- . 40 1 a . . . manebunt ' is the will abide by the condition ον Ionge . . . aberit i. e. the fac that in Roman eopte cal thembrothers illi them litile good lit 'milli lar from them 't. 40 4 quod as to the fac that s I 82. ai. εω congrediatur auri, in a command DI7 a. h).- quid . . . o sint: .hat the canio. 40 10 ΗΑP. 37. queatum supine denotingsu ose Laa6 a . 40 11 quod . . . Popularentur a reason give on another' authority, whic inhes the subju on the principi of implied indir disc.; because asthensaid the Harudes mere devastating thei fields' sqq488 b, M. ι .4o 12 ne obsidibus quidem: cf. notem P. 22 l. I8.4o 1 Treveri: sc questum veniabant. 40 16 commotua: a participi denotin cause Lazo b . 4 17 maturandum sibi easo impera. Wit dative os apparent agent; trans , that he hould have to hasten ' Laaa. ΙΙ. note . 40 1 resisti impers. transi. resistanc could notis a easti made's 83 a . - celerrime for the form se comparisonis acriter g I7 . 40 2 contendit thoe genera directio is norin Just here Ariovistus
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-th, Ilus see trios note a The present alte corresponda tinon exactiyto Caesar' description See illustration p. 4 I. - qua 'mhere.
42 7 noctumia . . . itineribus transi. 'marchesi nimi and by day.'42 11 MAP. 39. moratur: se I98. I. Cf. P. 32, t. I. 42 12 deibus 'reporta', 'talh. - magnitastino . . . Virtute . . . e B citatione abis os description DII 63 cf. aviturine l. 3. 42 15 congreaada ' having et them. 42 17 Mi mediocriter rinio light degree, ' greatly. 42 19 Hic: i. e. timor. - ortus eat fi 'hegan with slit 'mae mm' . reliquis: oun Romana es nobi families osten accompanie commander in thei campaigns for the ahe of militar experience Caesar probabi alludesto these. Se Introd. III. 6. d. 42 20 urbe i. e. Rome. - Mn magnetun 'very lirile. 42 21 alius alia caua inlata 'on various pretexis stiti ' another anotherpretexi havin been alleged'J. Notice that in Latin his ouhie starementis condensed, ni the secondiali being fuit expresaed. his i the regesaridiom hen alius is repeate in another case, an a ut be rememberecligi 44. d. IJ.
42 22 quam ... diceret: see4477.42 25 voltum fingore freely, to pudio a brave face. 42 28 t tamenta hadnisantur the seat was necessar in the validi of the will. The mahing of the willa homs that he had give u hope Meve returning home. 43 1 magnum . . . usum 'long experience in the a vice.
43 3 qui the antecedent is es underatood, the auri. of acebant. 43 6 rem frumentariam lit the obj. o timere, thenseare in au Uo grain that it tot not' etc. transi ii asciscit ere in auri es fossis, thenseare that the suppi of grai might not' etc. his figure of speech. Whic constat in placingo ora more the clause in .hic a intemen is made regardiniit, i called V prolepsis. ' Compare
observe the force of u in ut . . . posse depending on tam e LIM . 43 8 astra movfir ac igna ferri 'a brea cam an advance. Theaeare the regula militar expressiona mole theridi mulaena ferri, 'a ance.
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43 11 1 Ap. o. adhibiti centurionibus in centurion mere no ore narily invited into the councita es War hence thia pecies assertion. In additionto ali in other grave clanger an dissicultie of the war Wit the powerfui Germanaing, Caesar nomauddenly finda himself face to face it a peril stilletnore serious that os a possibi mutin of hi o- amy. The campesgn Wasam ardous undertaking, even With his men eager and millinxto ficti Wit hismen reluctant, and a me of them even rebellious, Caesar stanos for the momentalone, an his indomitabi eourage is noWhere euer ahown He meet theemergenc With the fame decisio an energ that he displus omine batile fieto, an manifests, in addition to supreme courage, amelous cliplomacyan knowledge of human nature Thia speech, ne of the mos remarhableo antiquit' alamps Caesar a a consummate orator a mel as an able generat. Shilduli glossing ove the dissiculties of the underinhing, masterfuit meetingevery one of the alleged causea for hesitation, no a reason, no i appeat, he contrives to inspire his me missi me invincibi spiritis Rome that conquere the morio. 43 12 quod . . . putarent a Teason vivemon another' authori 488.4 . Here Caesar the writer vive in re o o Caesar the oldier, ascisine mere
another Pera n. 43 13 quaerendum . . . cogitandum ac esse an im m. ConstruCtion
43 15 cur . . . quisquam . . . iudicet a rhetorices question 'mhy should any one consider λ' The question implies the ans e thatio ne hould consider 3I72. d. note . 43 16 Mihi . . . persuadetur ' Pam convinces s 83 a . 43 20 quid . . . vereamini: cf. note On l. IS. 43 22 periculum homine oot of the ver exserior, tryy the ord-hic came to mean anger originali meant aries, and thicis the mean-inchere. Cimbris et Teutonis: these Were a great hordei barbarians that out fori yeara betare had crossed the Rhine s.ept through Gaul, and were out to invade Italy. heir seemingi irresistitit march was checked by the Roman unde Marius, and the were practicali destroyed. 43 24 meritu orae videbatur: was seen to have deserveo. 43 25 servili tumultu in the up ing of the flaves, i. e. the insurrectiono flaves and gladiator unde Spartacus 73-7 B.C. Theae consisted a leasti Pari, o Germans capture hymarius. The abi denotes time. Auda: this referario servos as antecedent implied in the adjective soν Hiquid: adverbia accusative 3 99 transi. ' ome μ'
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44 2 avis: theiriwn' of the Helvetii . duorum: of the Gerinans. 44 4 Si quos sis any advoraum proelium the deseat attagetobriga;
44 6 Ariovistum subj. o Meisse in indir disc. 44 7 nequo aut potestatem fecisset: and had given inem no chance achim.'
444 ratibns . . . consilio . . . Virtute Aeed Io6.44 10 cui ration . . . ac this expression is equivalent to ac masionὲ eua; the antecedent is attracte into the et clause LI4οὶ 'brinis stratagem, for hic there mas opportunit against unskille barbarians, no even Ariovistus himself hopes that our arm canis cauot.' 44 12 Qui the antecedent is es underatood, the subj offaciunt. 44 15 mihi . . . curae ' mili ake care of these things' 389ὶ cf. P. 37 l. a. 44 18 Quod etc. 'acto iis hein said that the oldier mill no obe thecommanda or advance' DI 82. a . 44 1 quihuacumque etc. lit 'to homsoeve the arm has no listenedio the word, to these fortune has been laching etc. disto depends ponaudiens, and the w Word Combined dicto audiens, are reate ac single expression equivalenta a Verbii obeying, governing the clative quibuscumque, hos antecedent is eis underatood, govemed by Ffuisse. 44 22 innocentia: this disproves auctri iam acinerici M oes male regesta. Observe the reverse order chiasmus of the worda, a figure common inverse an oratory male me Draia avaritiam
innocentia feriet a Compare in English:
45 1 decim legione the legion speciali distinguishe for discipline.
45 2 praetoria cohors: hodnuard, made, of the bravest men. 45 7 CHAP. 41 innata est sing. verti agreeing With themeares subj. 367)45 8 optimum iudicium fecisset 'had expresse the ver hiraestoPinion ' a reason state on another' authorit s*I88.b . 45 10 cum tribunI . . . egerunt eis. 'arrange Min the tribunes toapologige' satisfacerenti.