Caesar in Gaul, with introduction, review of first-year syntax, notes, grammar, prose composition, and vocabularies

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46 3 milium: sc. passuum gen os measure modisying cireuisu ε 77.b . Transi. 'b a circuit of more than fili miles throum an ope country. 4sa cum . . . intermitteret a causal clauseri I 89 . 46 9 CHAP. 42. Quod a rei precediniit antecedent, E. -- Per e 'So

4s 1 accoaalami in au . is Caesar. 46 12 ad sanitatem reverti: was heginning to retur in his senses.'46 13 petenti: when he i. e. Caesar aske it.' - ulred vilicεretur 'heno. promise of his o. accord. - magnamque in apem Veniebat 'heie-- to have greatlopea. 46 15 foroa the lata os a fui participi of the ver desistere is supplied by the Periphrasis fri ut . . . desisteret. lit 'that i mouldie that est.

46 16 eonloquio: sees 89.

111 equitibus dative of separation s 86J. 46 25 eo: adv. 'in them, i. e. the horses 4 2 L quid etc. 'inthere hould he any nee of active ervice ' quidis adverbial accusative 3 99 . - factsi se Io7. c. 47 3 non inridicule 'not milhout wit. - ex militibus instea of mu tum s 76, exception . 47 4 pollicitum: C. erae. 47 6 ad equum macrihoro 'he was making nigris of them. The mitscf. non inridicule in his expression consist in the fac that it has πο--ingar I 'to emol in the caves , and a 'to enmi among the equities

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distributive numerat. 47 17 amicua sc a euasus esset note . - inera . . . missa easenn the gilis areio mentione but the may have included embroideredrobes and e elry. 47 18 et . . . et 'hoth. . . and.

47 22 Docebat 'he howed ' foliomedis a series of inclis questions il aoI introduce is quam 'ho.' quamque, an hoW' l. 223 quotiens quamque 'ho osten an hoW' ut 'ho ' l. a J. 47 23 ipsis cum Haeduia intercederent: existe bet-en the Romans ipsis and the Haedui' si 'to themselves mi in the Haedui 3. 47 26 Prius . . . quam . . . MPotiment: seea I97 a, M. 47 27 ut . . . Vellet a result claus explaining Aanc consues inem 3 187, thir example . 47 28 aut nihi1 'nothing of their -' dignit etc. mu is sed substantivel and is a pari gen. 3 6 a)47 29 quod What he had rought to the alliance, the et precedigit antecedent, id Di 393 47 30 quia . . . posset the dir formis this rhetorica question 317I Was quis . . . possidi For the ood se 472. . and note. ranal , who could suffer his to h taken from them y 'ohe thought is that the Romans, Hallo. no ne to deprive thei allies of the restige they ha enjoyed belare the becam Rome' allies. mole that eis is a dative 3 86 .

48, 2 ne . . . Inferret . . . redderet . . . ne . . . Pateretur these clausesare in apposition it eadem.

43 5 HAP. 44. Pauca in contrast milh muis in the neri line. 434 magna spe magnisque Praemus transi as i ii .ere magna spe

marmorum praemiorum.

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48 30 haec . . . GaIlia 'this partis Gaul. - Ut . . . Sic 'a . . . o. 'O ne is impera. Freely, a Dought notrio be vive arime han is ... o

49 5 heu . . . proximo fou years before. 49 7 habueriint for inclic see Lact. a. io AMB l. IO. 494 Debeo auspicari etc. 'Phoe grounda for suspecting that in amymhich ou, unde in pretense of friendahip have in Gaul, o are heepingior in pumose of crushing me. 49 10 mel opprimendi ae Laa4 c, and cf. P. 48,l. 24. 49 12 quod 'hut' so in l. 15.-ndbilibus . . . gratum Caesar, a the ad of the popular pari a Rome, as speciali obnoxious to the senate an in aristocracy. an mould have rejoice to ea that dis te had fallen him, anxit is quire possibi that suggestions of this sortinacl comerio Ariovistuarim Rome. 4s 14 compertum habeo: almos the fame in force a m eri s*I56. b.

49 1 CHAP. 45. in eam aententiam . . . qua re 'in his effect stoahom WM.' - qua Te . . . Pomet an indir question Transi freely, ' Minecould not recede hominis position.'

4 26 antiquissimum quodque tempus se note Ons. 33, l. 24. 49 29 aula ' iis .n, referring to Gaul. - Voluerit subju in a descriptive clauae denotin cause LIM . Transi. hich, though conquere in War, theaenate has permitte to enjoniis Wncla s.' 50 1 CHAP. 46. aeriintur se I I98. I. 50 2 tumulum: ovemed by smosius, hic somelimes has the force of a preposition. 50 5 ne . . . reicerent: ir obj of im mavis the indir ori is suas.

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'havin employe what insolence 'in ho he had ordere the Romana ut ofal Gaul, ho his cavato ha made an attach nisu men an how that facthad put an en to the intervie . The indir question are subjs of elatum est 50 13 pugnandi gerund obj. gen. 375. b).50 15 ΗAP. 47. coeptae this ver is regulari pass. in form heri Sed mith a pass. in . 50 16 ut . . . constitueret sollowing - , the idea Dashingieiniim-plied Di 83ὶ mittere is in the ame ConstruCtion. 50 17 suis refers to Caesar, se l. I 8 to Ariovistus. 50 1 causa via non est: there die notiseem tote a good reason.' 50 1 et eo magis, quod 'an ali the more on his accouis, that etc.; cf. P. I 2, t. I 6 and note. - retineri . . . quIn 'be hept rom ' LI85 . 50 21 missurum . . . obiecturum: C. esse. 50 23 commodissimum pred adjective it mirum P. I, I 2 a Subj.s a16 a . 50 24 virtute et humanitato not virtve an humani ' it is raret salato transi a Latin ord by the Englis mord derived rom it. Transi., worthan culture. 50 25 eivitato abi. Os meanS. 50 26 qua multa . . . utebatur: which Ariovistus spolie iseely ' LIo7 ain. 51 1 quod in eo 'because in his case.'512 peccandi ... causa: ground for committin an offense. 513 utebatur: injoyed. Cf. Mubcttur in l. I. Observe ho the ver utor demand different translations accordin to the context. In ver instance, however, the de of esse remains fundamentat. 51 7 6nantes dicere prohibuit 'as the were t in to spea he hut them off. 51 1 CHAP. 48. supportaretur subjv. by attractio si a I i. o alio vectis l. 16ὶ.51 15 Instructam habuit: heptiis line drawn py cf. comperium Meri P. 49 i. I 4. 51 18 castris the place here V may be expresse mithout a repost'tion hen the idea o means is Prominent.

place.'5 26 ut . . . adaequarent: that by holding on to lit 'supporte by the horses manes thenkept up wit them in speed.' dubia abl. of meam,

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Caesar has Wo camps, the strat an large one bout two miles eas of the Germans, and the secondo amasse one, ather more thanaal a mile to thesouth of them. See maP, P. 56.

52 4 aei triplici se Introd. III. I 2.52 8 expedita agreeing mit milia in fom,aut mith Aominum in sense. 52 9 terrerent a rei clause of pumose s 475 . 53 1 CHAp. 50. Inatituto sub abi. of accordance s III 3. 53 13 sortibus 'lota, os leaves o tWig maine missi certain sim and

dramnis chance. - Vaticinalianibus perhaps mens interprete fromine notae of maters, rive eddies, etc., or possibi prophecies arisinifrom inneremotions. - utrum . . . necne: Seea 7o. h. a.

53 14 eas i. e. matres amitiae. - Non eas fisu rit Wasio fated.' 53 1 novam lunam a common superstition of many People. 53 18 ΗAP. 51. quod satis eas Visum est: sc id obj. o reliquis and antecedent of quod. - Marios: the auxiliaries, a distinguished rom thelegionary Roman imops. The were usuali statione o the wings of the line of batile; ence thei name, Marii, Domata, Wing. '53 1 pro 'in frontis. f this meaning with the one incliso. 53 20 pro hostium numero ' in comparison mith the number of the enem '53 21 ad apoclem: foris how, i. e. asci the two legiona P. 52, t. Iai ere stili inere. 53 22 neceaaario the Germans haerio come ut an fio hecause their cammmas no fortifieo strongl enough to,ithstan Caesar a Minuit 53 24 intervallis se LII a. 53 27 6 thereon, i. e. omine caris and WagonS.

54 1 ΗΑP. 52. ingulis legionibu singulos Iεgatos 'a QMus in command of ac legion' however, havin at this time ni sive iam line ap- potnte his quartemaster quaesorem overine of the si legions. Rea thedescriptionis a batile in the Introd. III. Ia, and look at the illustration onp. 3 and the ne facing p. 86.5 3 eam partem os course, ine leti ing of the nemy. 54 6 pila . . coniciendi the gerund with dic obj aa3. note . hea. rundive constructio might have been sed Laa4 b . 54 9 impetua: accusative plur. fouriniectension. 54 10 InauIrent . . . revellerent . . . Volnererent subjus in clauses of description The meaniniis that the leape upo the mos forme by the ahields, pulle them up and so thrust their amorda domarom above aeriuer .

54 1 cum ' although.

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54 16 tortiam aciem: his line ha been heptis a reserve forcius aucti

54 18 CHAP. 53. Prius . . . quam . . . PerVeneriint: Sees I97. a. 54 22 ea: abi. o means It refers to navicutam, ori os narius isom

54 23 reliqud omnea: aid o have been 8o, o in numher. 54 24 Dua . . . indrea amons the Germans onlrchiela had more inamone vila, and thi Was for the sine of honor ano assiancea - natione se LIIS 54 25 duxerat: had rought. In the ex line duxeras means 'haci

55 1 Proculus see p. 3o l. 3. - trinia uae instea esuribus. Mense is usuali found in the plur. and with auch nouna distributive numeria adje lives are generali used insisad os cardinias. 55 3 quae . . . res i. e. the rescue o Procillus Caesar'suo in the Me of his ounclaien offers a pleasing contrast to his usual sternnesa. For theret se LI43. 56 4 neque . . . deminuerat 'ior had fortune by his loga detracteo a mihom an occasioni such o an congratulation.' 564 ter it was the regula custom of the Germans to consae the Iota inre time .

56 11 CHAP. 54. Rhenum: rose,smosior, and fraximus Sometime govemine accusative. Cf. p. o l. 2 an note. 56 13 mkturius ' earlier. Thi Was in September. 56 16 conventus the governor os a province no ovi commancle theamy, ut administere justice a meli.

Caesar is his firs campalgis 58 B. C. had made himself masteri central Gaul, an ha made his conquest aure Destablishing the winter quarters of his legion among the Sequani. During the winter While he was in Cisalpine Gaul, in Belgian Gauis fearing that the shouldi the nexi victima os Romanaggression unite in a conspira 'o resis an furine advince of Romana s. his mas reporte to Caesar, ho mit characteristi enero, et out for the countr of the Belgae as early in the pring 37 . C. a there WasPasture nough to suppor his aggam animais. The Belgia rethes, inhabiting hat is nom norineastem France, Belgium, an par of the Netherianda, ere remote rom an country hitherio occupiet by the Romans. The live amios forest and wamps hard to penetrate, and ad a fierce an resolute spirit os independence. In his camprim

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against theae mea, ea civit the Nervii Caesar me the more formidablean desperate resistance et encount ed.

57 1 CHAP. 1 cum eam etc. io the m v. aeea I94. b. esse is emphaticinit position. The clauae is es et connected With in Iaat aentence of the firm book in aerariorem Gavi am . . . frefectus est Cum esset Caesarciteriore auia est. The effect may be roum out in translationis theae es a noun lauring Caeaar' stamin Cisalpine Gaul 57 2--onaret,imu . . . dixeramua In referring to himself a thelter Caesar like many modem ritera, regulari uses the plur. - alter the past descr. ho a repente action ' hept coming in. The force, tense is aloedi crebra.

37 4 quam: agrees it sariem, though ita rea antecedent is rigas

pacata sauia ' after in subjugationis ali Gavi' abl. a - uia refers to centra sor Celtic Gaul.

jus as . . . so, correlatives. - manda . . . Vera1ri: . . inveterascere these inti missi thei subj exemtatum are

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53 1 cum Primum t. e. When gras and youngarain begando he abundant, a that in cavairnhorses an baggage animal could subsist. 53 2 Dat neglitium Senonibua 'he violas o the Senones' lit 'hegives bufines to the Senones ' . 53 3 tit . . . cognoscant . . . faciant a subst clauso os Purpos in apposition it ne uum s I83, thir exampleὶ - gerantur: subjV. by attraotion depending on e noscant i 2I43. 53 4 ae an indir reflex. referring to Caesar Dr33ὶ.-cdnstanter: Comsistently, i. e. ithout Variation.

53 5 maniis accusative plur. 'smallianos. ori companies. 53 6 dubitandum eaae impers ini in indir disc. after existimavi ; 'heethought that he ought notrio hesitate. - qvi . . . Proncimeretur: to et out s 486ὶ quin an follomoni a ver, it a negative. 53 7 diebus abl. of time mithi Which DI I9 . 58 9 CHAP. 3. M adv. - omnium opinidne 'than any one expected sit 'than in opinionis ali', ossinione is sed after in comparative without

-- ex Belgis ' of the Belgae'; sed instea of the pari gen. 53 11 legato 'as ambassadors. What other meaning cloes IDMus have 53 12 qui dicerent: seerit 75. - Noa . . . in fidem . . . Permittimus: Put ourselves unde the protection good faithy etc. 53 15 parati a participi used as an adjective. Depending on it reste complementary infinitives dare, facere meelsere, and iuvare 2I7. o. 58 16 oppidis properi an abl. of means, hut tot translateo ascis it mere l. of place, in o Howns. 53 18 cis Rhenum: i. e. the est o Gallic fide. 53 1 tantus . . . ut . . . Potuerimus 'so great is in frenet of them allinat me have not been abierio restres even the Suessiones etc. a Claus es xemit it the antecedent morduantus fg I79. note . 58 22 MI . . . 6nsentirent 'from leamin missi' subju claus a te aneotidiei ordi Phinde in I85ὶ Note that the perfeci subjv. fomerimus is follo.edi a secondary tenSe. 53 24 CHAP. 4. quae . . . quantaeque . . . essent indiri question LaoI .

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5sa DP. . . prohibuerint a claus es description q477 a . --moria: I. of time mithi Which s 419 . 59 3 qu ex re fit uti . . . sumant 'hominia fac it comes about that therassume etc. The result clause, i. . . suman is the subj of 487. II . - memoria abl. of cause LIM . 5si omnia habemua e 16rata 'have found out and possess ali sine facta ahout sis etc. The expression Memus explo ta differs oni alighil frome Iorarimus 3456. b. note an ci co rerum Meo, P. 49 l. I 4 . 59 6 propinquitatibus 'ties of lood. - adfinitatibus ' villances hy

594 virtute abi. of respectri II 5 .

59 10 armata milia centum equivalent is amatorum hominum mitia censum grammatically, arma a gree With mitia. ike is eiacia in the nexturae agreesammmaticali Mith mitia, but is translate 'siched men.

60 3 Id fieri posse 'this heisaid couldie done.'

εν indidouxorint . . . coeperint in a sui condition. In the ir disc. these verba mout be in the fui peri incl. 60 6 Postquam . . . Mauit 'as oon as he was Ware that at the forces of the Belgae ad been gathere into ne placet and were advancing againsthim, an had te rned irom the covis homine had aent forWard a .ellisa

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60 14 emeiebat in subj is stili Quae ris. 60 1 in altera Pario 'o the other fide, i. e. o the lest an of the Alane, to ard the Remi. Caesar had rosae the stream an encampe ouine fide to ard the Suessiones. Se campaim maP, facing p. 57, and batile Plan, P. m. 60 16 pedum duodecim: gen os measure missi auusidinem φ 77 43. 60 17 duoeffriginti pedum: i. e. a moat eighisen feet in ioth. εο 18 CHAP. 6. Gmino: abi. of respectri II 5 .soris mula Damum etd: eight miles' muta is accusative os extent