장음표시 사용
521쪽
TRE INFINITIVE 215. The infinitive is a verba noun. As a ver i hactens and voiCe, an may be transitive or intransitive, ut expresses eister Permn nor number in a nou it has certain Case constructions. 216. The Infinitis a suriere. The infinitive euhe with o wit, out a subject accusative, may he se a subjeci: a Wit eam: perfacile ea renata per aere, it is eas so accomptas Me Memiastino, B. G. I. 3δ. Wim impersones veres: non oportet meram rem, i is nos Mosa Moulcherat aereae, B. G. I. 36217. The Infinitis acoriere. The infinitive eithe with o wit, out a subject accusative, may be sed as objeci: a Wit subject aecusative alter vere o mishinx, o erini rem mining auoming, and the like: aberas obaide ad se ad plumit, is o ererrae Mia men orae breuissio Aim his sales B. G. II Sθ. Wit subject accusative after verba fis iv, MAAnx, rem caesuini and the like This is the regula constructionis principes clauses in indirect discourses εο ao3, o ):
caesar certior fiebat omnis rima comis e Caesar mas informeae Maraia rae Bestiae eme conspirium B. G. II. Ic ithout subject accusative to complete me predicate of verba meaning orae able M accussomed decide rumin dare, tu, and the like, whic require another actio of the fame subject Such vere are Calle verbs of incomplete predication, and the accompanyin infinitive is calle me rem emensar in istis:
522쪽
218. Historica Infinitive. In vivi narratio me infinitive Minsubjeci nominatis may be sed for the past descriptive indicative:
21s. articipies are verba adjectives as adjectives the agme tui nouns in gender, number, and Me a verba the have te eand voice, an mantis an object. For tense distinctions seeri 167. 220. The present an past participies are osten used predicativebwhere in Englis a phrase or a subordinate clause,ouldie emplπω:
523쪽
222. The Periphraati conjugationa. I. The future participi in maris se Min the verbisum to formistat is calle the active peri rusti m Mation. This denotes future, o intendet, action:
praetor quod Meum portistaen marit, excepi πλα Me meme in uocare mitis them B. G. I. su. he future passive participle, o gerundive in Qua Laa ), is used Min me verbisum to form-hat is calle me fassive seri massic mutarion. his is sed is denote misi must be oriurat so be, done. The wor representing the person pon hom the dui or obligation restiis put in the dative os apparent agent gar):
223. The gerund is an active verba nou .ith stem his that ofine gerundive It is found ni in the neuter gender, an in thegenitive, dative accusative, an ablative singular of the secondis. Clension It is overne in generalis a noun, an may have me modifiers of a vere: a Genitive
b. Dative me dative of the gerun is rare except it a se adjectis . c. Accusative the accusative of the gerund is sed onj ith prepositions and do motriis an objeci:
524쪽
reperiebat in euamma Caeaar, Caesar funion inquir dit in inquimini, B. G. I. 8
Noo. The gerund wit a direct objec is found as a ule ni in thegenitive an in the ablative Without a preposition. GERUNDIUE
224. The gerundive e inii indus is a passive verbal adjective, decline like an adjective of the firs an secon deciensions It is used as follows: a The gerundiveras a predicate adjective in me passive semionustie conjugation Laa et II denotes hau must M o oum Iorae, done.
b. The gerundive is generali used instea of the gerund with adirect object Laa 3 note). The gerundive agi ees Ut ita noun, Whiintakes me case that me gerund would have: 'Maeaae faciendae famulis dabatur, an opsonunit for securing litios securim 'Iunaee was a Meae, cf. B. G. IV. 34The equivalent gerund construction mouldie praedam faciendi faculina, Wim praedam as object of the gerund faciendi. The translation in both
ab his fit initium retinenaram, rarae aste rae initiatis in Mainivssius, B. G. III 8 in peten iace culpam in multitudinem contuI-nt, in seMin seacerae attributeae Me auu to Me multituri, B. G. IV. 27 Mares con Ena , inor accompusising rarae measumes, B. G. I. 3e Wim me persones and reflexive form mes tui, aut nostri, matri, a form in indvis commoni used without change in genderi number: quo G cra oena hoatibus famulitam relinquina, ei Aar o Me leave o Maonem an o oriunit os me versv Mem ινα B. G. III 6 As auris plural me mirat here expectaeontigendorem to agre missi iti
525쪽
E. he gerundis may be se a an attributive adjective. In this se it osten expresses purpos after verba like stra, o clare for, fesso, est. : Pontem faciendum curat, is causes arari me ora butu sit. A sera eo a bri Brito berauia , B. G. I. 3Gertinianae Gerundis expressing Pur se 225. Both gerun and gerundive are sed to expres pur Se: a. In me accusative with ad: respondit diem ae a d berandum sumpturum eam , is restaeae MasAe oulae sale time so Hiberate, B. G. I. 7 e res eo rima a ingetorix dMintur,irmioris is Mosenuo accom- 'IDA Mese measures, B. G. I. 3Θ. In the genitive it caua o olitia: Veniano spem ma causa coma for Me sari Vis sngrcf. B. G. I. 471 nd Galliae in mandae inua facio, tam not ring Matinor Masal os a factini uc B. G. I 44 SUPINE
22s. The supine is a verba nou of the fourth deciension, foundoni in the accusative seum an ablative sest :
526쪽
227. Dates ere rechoned by the Roma rus follows: a By the Roman calendar, as reforme by Iulius and Augustus Caesar, the ear ad 365 Vs, divide into month as a present, Februar havin et days mei lauri year. b. The names of the monssis, sed as adjectives, were M ollows:
Aprilis, o Sextilia, e December, inris, inre NOTE. The event monim quintuta mas later called Iuliua in honor es Iulius Caesar, and the eighth Sextiiis , Aumatus, in honor of that emperor.
527쪽
. rom me Calenda Nones, and Idea the clares in the mont Were Teckonediae mamin. The date immediates precessing any one of themwas expressed by the wor Praeri, sed as a preposition followed by the accusatives alendM MMa, Idas, modified by the adjective formos the woes denoting the month:
me Ides. A. In expressinitates the phras ante diem translate Me d Minore Was used Min me accusatives alendas, talia, Idus, the wordalem Ming modified by the prope ordines numerat: anto diam tortium alanta octobria, Me Mimiae 4e mirae Catinaesos Octobem Septembre ρὶ
NOTE. These expressiona ere generali abbreviatexas fosso ar
i. o in the equivalent in Englis for a date inve in Latin, serve the fosso in rule: I me give Latin date is munie Dom me Calenos, ad emo toste number of days in the precedin mont an subtraci the invendate is from themone or the Ides, addisne to the da on hichthe fall, and Do me numbe thus obtaineo subtraci the inveniate
528쪽
ΝΘΕ. Before Iulius Caesar reforme in calendar 46 B. C. , he Romanyear consiste of 355 days. Al the monthcha a Gya excepi,arch Μay, July, and october, hic had 3 Mys, and February, whichina 28. Acthis calendar ear a too hori for the solar ear, a mont of va ingraeninhimensis interealaris mas inserte after Februar 23 very theraean
The Roman ea was designate eithera the names of the consul as, M. Meaallia M. Piadne cdnaulibus, B. G. I. et o by the number of the ear rechone from me founding of the cit ab urbe condita abbreviate to A. U. α . The founding of the citfis assignedio the ea 753 B. C. In order, therefore, to find the year of the Chri tim era correspondin is inive Roman date A. U. C., me number of the Romanaea musti subtracte hom 754, 1 ein adde to sato allo for the Roman customo includin host extremes henrechoning the difference belwee two numbers. For example, Camar Machilledrina Io A. U. C., o 44 75 71o ,
529쪽
I orde es Worda. In Englis the word os a sentenc standri amore or es fixe order. mphasis is indicate miseno asting bystres of voice, an in a rium sentenc by the se of italic orb undemcoring the emphatic Wotas. In Latin, o the ther hand, emphasis and the relative importance of oes are hown by theirposition in the sentence. 2. The mos emphati placeris the ut nexi in importance is thelast the we est potn is me idole. 3. A me mos important oes in the sentenc is normali me sub re, an me secon in importanc is normali me vera, metenden cis o place these respectiveis ae an last. Thei respective modisiem stan nex these accordin to thei relative emphasis. This may be represente as follows:
4. For convenience his is calle me norma oriari Departure homine norma orde is frequent, however, rom me fac that in Latin justis in Engliis, the woes o groupsis motas may ber arde asi more importance than in subjectis the vere. TU' importanc may be indicated
530쪽
b. y reversing the norma order, speciali os nouns it attributive adjectives I an nouns it modisyrii genitives Thenorma position o demonstrative pronouns, Cardinal numeralS, and adjectives of quantit an place for example, ulterior, citerior, inferior, in is more the nouns the modisy the norma positiono other adjectives, ordines numerula, possessives, indefinites, a genitive is a re mei noum:
in imperatini, Misenem incaemat ordeo imperator illo Maiiamous genera normal orde reversevi mors fratri tui, Me ea mos umbra Aer normal ordentui fratria mora, Mur μαλου Mara normae ordo reversedin
it precedes: camar imperator, Caesar, Me gem Iimperator caesar, Armenemac Caesarae The subjec ma stan last, o the ver first, o indicate unusualemphasis: deIectat metratid, Me syracis Hirati mee. The copula um 3 48. II f ordinarii stand last, orae emine subject an predicate; ut hen it emphasiges exisse ae theremas, there, etc.), it Mand flast, or at an rates fore the subjeci: